Dihydropyridines and new uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:  
                 
 
     wherein Y is —(CH 2 ) n —, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH 2 ) b —O—(CH 2 ) k —, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH 2 ) b —CH═CH—(CH 2 ) k —; or —(CH 2 ) h —C═C—(CH 2 ) k —, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, or CH 2 ; wherein R 1  is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R 2  and R 4  are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R 3  is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; and wherein R 5  and R 6  are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , or NH 2 , or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group. Other active compounds containing one, two or three rings are also disclosed as well as pharmaceutical compositions prepared therefrom and methods of use in the treatment of BPH, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and reduction of intraocular pressure.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/166,308, filed Dec. 10, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/120,169, filed Sep. 10, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/043,212, filed Apr. 5, 1993, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also called Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, is a progressive condition which is characterized by a nodular enlargement of prostatic tissue resulting in obstruction of the urethra. This results in increased frequency of urination, nocturia, a poor urine stream and hesitancy or delay in starting the urine flow. Chronic consequences of BPH can include ′I-hypertrophy of bladder smooth muscle, a decompensated bladder and an increased incidence of urinary tract infection. The specific biochemical, histological and pharmacological properties of the prostate adenoma leading to the bladder outlet obstruction are not yet known. However, the development of BPH is considered to be an inescapable phenomenon for the aging male population. BPH is obseR^(iv)ed in approximately 70% of males over the age of 70. Currently, in the United States, the method of choice for treating BPH is surgery (Lepor, H., Urol. Clinics North Amer., 17, 651 (1990)). Over 400,000 prostatectomies are performed annually (data from 1986). A medicinal alternative to surgery is clearly very desirable. The limitations of surgery for treating BPH include the morbidity rate of an operative procedure in elderly men, persistence or recurrence of obstructive and irritative symptoms, as well as the significant cost of surgery.

[0003] α-Adrenergic receptors are specific neuroreceptor proteins located in the peripheral and central neR^(iv)ous systems on tissues throughout the body. These receptors are important switches for controlling many physiological functions and, thus, represent important targets for drug development. In fact, many α-adrenergic drugs have been developed over the past 40 years. Examples include clonidine, phenoxybenzamine and prazosin (treatment of hypertension), naphazoline (nasal decongestant), and apraclonidine (treating glaucoma). α-adrenergic drugs can be broken down into two distinct classes: agonists (clonidine and naphazoline are agonists), which mimic the receptor activation properties of the endogenous neurotransmitter norepinephrine, and antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and prazosin are antagonists), which act to block the effects of norepinephrine. Many of these drugs are effective but also produce unwanted side effects (for example, clonidine produces dry mouth and sedation in addition to its antihypertensive effects).

[0004] During the past 15 years a more precise understanding of α-adrenergic receptors and their drugs has evolved through increased scientific scrutiny. Prior to 1977, only one α-adrenergic receptor was known to exist. Between 1977 and 1988, it was accepted by the scientific community that at least two α-adrenergic receptors—α, and α₂—existed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since 1988, new techniques in molecular biology have led to the identification of at least six α-adrenergic receptors which exist throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems: α_(1A), α_(1B), α_(1C), α_(2A), α_(2B) and α_(2C) (Bylund, D. B., FASEB J., 6, 832 (1992)). It is not known precisely which physiological responses in the body are controlled by each of these receptors. In addition, many α-adrenergic drugs that were developed before 1992 are not selective for any particular α-adrenergic receptor. Many of these drugs produce untoward side effects which may be attributed to their poor α-adrenergic receptor selectivity.

[0005] Since the mid 1970's, nonselective α-antagonists have been prescribed to treat BPH. In 1976, M. Caine, et al. (Brit. J. Urol., 48, 255 (1976)), reported that the nonselective α-antagonist phenoxybenzamine was useful in relieving the symptoms of BPH. This drug may produce its effects by interacting with a-receptors located on the prostate. However, this drug also produces significant side effects which severely limit its use in treating patients on a chronic basis. More recently, the α-adrenergic antagonists prazosin and terazosin have also been found to be useful for treating BPH. However, these drugs also produce untoward side effects.

[0006] This invention relates to uses for dihydropyridine derivatives previously reported in Flockerzi, D., et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,486, issued Nov. 17, 1987, and Zimmerman, P., et.al., PCT International Patent Application W⁰ 91/09846, published Jul. 11, 1991, including methods of treatment of BPH. This invention also relates to novel dihydropyridine derivatives. This invention further relates to potent and selective alpha 1C antagonists without significant calcium channel activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] A more complete understanding of the invention and many of its advantages will become apparent by reference to the detailed description which follows when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0008]FIG. 1 illustrates condensation to form dihydropyridines by Reaction Scheme 1 (Method A).

[0009]FIG. 2 illustrates condensation to form dihydropyridines by Reaction Scheme 2 (Method B).

[0010]FIG. 3 illustrates condensation to form dihydropyridines by Reaction Scheme 3 (Method C).

[0011]FIG. 4 illustrates condensation to form dihydropyridines by Reaction Scheme 4 (Method D).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present invention provides a method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0013] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;—(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4;—(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH or CH₂; wherein R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R′ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR, OCOR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, or NHCOR, where R is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridyl, furyl, or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0014] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′, OCOR′, OCOOR′, OCONHR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR′, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0015] The invention still further provides a method of treating diseases mediated by a, receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0016] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4;—(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO₂, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono-or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and Ro are independently the same or different and.are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂ or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0017] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″ or NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0018] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0019] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR,′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)tC═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0020] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0021] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0022] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl, or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0023] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0024] A general objective of the invention is to provide a method of treating diseases mediated by α₁ receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0025] wherein Y is —(CH₂),—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O— (CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3, or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR, or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO₂, CN, CF₃, or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono-or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂, or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl, or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0026] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″, NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0027] In addition, the present invention provides a compound useful for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and other disorders having the structure:

[0028] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O, or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂),—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3, or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)— where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl, or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1, or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain, or cyclic alkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxy-carbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; and wherein R⁷ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂, or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl, or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0029] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″, NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] The present invention provides a method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0031] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH or CH₂; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR, OCOR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, or NHCOR, where R is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl, or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0032] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′, OCOR′, OCOOR′, OCONHR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR′, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0033] The invention also provides a method of lowering intraocular pressure in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0034] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂ or NHCOR′, where R′ is a linear chain alkyl group, or a benzyl group, or are a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0035] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR″, OCOR″, OCOOR″, OCONHR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂, NHCOR″, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR″, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0036] The invention further provides a method of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0037] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; Y is —(CH₂).—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C=—C—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein RI is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO₂, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂, or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0038] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′,″, OCOR″″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″ or NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0039] The invention still further provides a method of treating diseases mediated by a, receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

[0040] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O— (CH₂) k—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO₂, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂ or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0041] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″ or NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.

[0042] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0043] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂),—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—CMC—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R′ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR ′, CONH₂, CONHR ′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0044] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRC^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable counterion” shall refer to any anion present in or compatible with mammalian tissue physiology, and includes among others chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, carbonate, bicarbonate, tartrate, citrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, lactate, phosphate, sulfate, hydrogen phosphate, hydrogen sulfate or benzoate. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0045] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h), —C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0046] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0047] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S. where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; 7(CH₂)_(h)—(CH₂)_(k)—, —>where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(cH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(cH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—CuC—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂R where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is O or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂H(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ ¹Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0048] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORl, OCORS, OCOORl, OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR—, NR—2, NHCORO, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR′, where RI is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0049] wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂),—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂),—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—CC—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″², OCOR′″², NH₂, NR′″², NHCOR″₂, or CF₃, where R″² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azido-alkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹l or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Wo is O, S or NH, W′ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0050] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0051] wherein X is CH_(2,) CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″², OCOR″², NH₂, NR¹², NHCOR″₂, or CF₃, where R″² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azido-alkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or Coo(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0052] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0053] wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH— (CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂H)—C≡C—(CH₂ )_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NR″, NHCOR″ or CF₃, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azido-alkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Wo is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0054] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0055] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0056] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂),—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z^('), NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono-or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0057] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0058] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0059] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0060] wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH— (CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain, or cyclic alkyl group; and wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0061] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0062] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0063] wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡NC—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, ormono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0064] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0065] wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; and wherein R⁷ and R^(a) are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, or NHCOR′″, where R′″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0066] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, ORm, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0067] wherein X is CH₂CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the samne or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein m, n, and p are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR ′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂ , NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0068] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0069] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0070] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)ORI, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0071] wherein R9 and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHRN, NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0072] wherein Q is OH, OR′,′, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0073] wherein R9 and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0074] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0075] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0076] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR″′, NH₂, NHR″′, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0077] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

[0078] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0079] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(z) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0080] wherein Qis OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group,.or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0081] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0082] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(t)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0083] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0084] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and RR is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0085] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where WI is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂₁ NHCOR′, cONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0086] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0087] In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0088] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0089] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0090] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0091] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or. an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0092] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0093] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0094] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where WI is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0095] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0096] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl, or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0097] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0098] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl, or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0099] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) r NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R1² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0100] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NRC, NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, —NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0101] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R1² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0102] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0103] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R³ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0104] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(v)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is a H or linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0105] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where WI is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0106] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0107] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃,l NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0108] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR″″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(v)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0109] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0110] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0111] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H. a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where WI is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0112] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R° and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0113] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0114] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0115] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Rl and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0116] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0117] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0118] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a H or linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0119] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R ¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0120] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0121] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′41 , NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0122] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0123] wherein Q is OH, OR^(iv), SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0124] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0125] In addition, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0126] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0127] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0128] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0129] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR_(a2), NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where WV is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0130] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0131] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0132] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0133] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0134] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0135] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0136] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0137] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0138] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is o, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCORS, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0139] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0140] The invention also provides. a compound having the structure:

[0141] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′,′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0142] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORN, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0143] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0144] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0145] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0146] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR ′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0147] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0148] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0149] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched. chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W′ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0150] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv) , OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0151] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0152] wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0153] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group;

[0154] wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0155] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0156] wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl 35 group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0157] —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0158] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(IV), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0159] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0160] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(k)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k), where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0161] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0162] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0163] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR^(iv), or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0164] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRt NHNHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0165] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0166] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0167] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHRN, NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0168] In addition, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0169] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W′ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0170] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0171] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR,′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyll isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0172] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv) , NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0173] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0174] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N3 or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein, R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethy.l group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0175] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0176] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0177] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR^(iv) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(b), NR^(b), NOR^(b), or CH₂, where R^(b) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0178] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRC, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0179] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0180] wherein X is NH, NR^(a), O, or S, where R^(a) is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0181] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv) , NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0182] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0183] wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(a)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR^(a), O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, or a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, CORI, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0184] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR′, NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and.q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0185] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0186] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, or a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0187] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0188] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0189] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0190] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0191] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0192] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H. a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where RI is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R^(iv) is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0193] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0194] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0195] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0196] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0197] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0198] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0199] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0200] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W′ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0201] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRC₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0202] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0203] wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(k)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R′ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R8 are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0204] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N3, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0205] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0206] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k), where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0207] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0208] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0209] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0210] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv) , NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0211] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0212] wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0213] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0214] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0215] wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0216] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0217] wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0218] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORN^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0219] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0220] wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR,′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0221] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv) , OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R. is H or a linear chain alkyl group;

[0222] wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0223] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0224] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0225] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0226] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0227] wherein B is CH or N; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR_(2,) NHCOR₂ or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0228] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0229] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0230] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0231] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0232] wherein B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0233] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv)2, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0234] wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0235] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0236] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0237] wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R^(iv) is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0238] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0239] wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂ ¹″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group;

[0240] wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0241] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0242] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0243] wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)w¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H. CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0244] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0245] In addition, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0246] wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W¹ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—l where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(a), NR^(a), NOR^(a), or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0247] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHRN^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0248] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0249] wherein B is O or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR_(2,) NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0250] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0251] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0252] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein B is O or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0253] wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0254] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv) , OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH^(iv) ₂, NHR^(iv), NRn^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0255] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0256] wherein B is O or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH≡CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR ′, CHO, COR ′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0257] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are Hr Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORN, OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0258] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0259] wherein B is O, S or NR¹²; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, CORI, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0260] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R^(iv) is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0261] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0262] wherein B is O, S or NI²; wherein Q is OH, OR′, SH, SR^(iv) ′, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0263] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0264] wherein B is O, S or N′²; wherein Q is OH, OR′, SH, SR′″, _(N), NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group; or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0265] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R^(iv) is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0266] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0267] wherein B is CH or^(R)N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂″′, NR″OH, NR″ OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0268] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0269] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0270] wherein B is O, S, or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR ′, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0271] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0272] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0273] wherein B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂ or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0274] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHRN, NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and RN is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0275] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0276] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂),-C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0277] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are Hf Cl, Br, I, F. OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0278] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0279] wherein B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or Coo(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0280] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR′, NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCO^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R2 is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0281] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0282] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0283] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0284] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0285] wherein Q is OH, OR^(iv), SH, SR40 ″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear.or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, ′NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Wo is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0286] In addition, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0287] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where WI is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0288] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein RI′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0289] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0290] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxzymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0291] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where RI is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0292] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0293] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(h)—O— (CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂′, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0294] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0295] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0296] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rl are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0297] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0298] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0299] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0300] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0301] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0302] wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR3, 0 or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂° CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0303] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H,. Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0304] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0305] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHRA, NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR′, NH₂, NR′₂, O(C═O)R′ or NH(C═O)R″, where R″ is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where RI I is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0306] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′″, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0307] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0308] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NR^(c) ₂, O(C═O)R^(c) or NH (C═O) R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W′ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0309] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0310] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NRO₂, O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0311] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv)′, NR^(iv)2, NHCOR′^(iv), NHCOOR′^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein RI′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4.

[0312] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0313] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NR^(c) _(2,) O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or No₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0314] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHOH^(iv) where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv)l is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 31 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0315] In addition, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0316] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, ORC, NH₂, NR^(c) ₂, O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;H, or a linear or branched chain, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0317] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv) , NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0318] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0319] wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NRO₂₁ O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR²l NH₂, NR₂, NHCOR₂ or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′″,COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0320] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0321] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0322] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, ORC, NH₂, NRC₂, O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR^(iv) or CH₂′ where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0323] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0324] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0325] wherein B is O, S. CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NR^(c) ₂l O(C═O)RW or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0326] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCO^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRF&, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein RI′ and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0327] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0328] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and't is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R9 and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0329] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyd group; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0330] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0331] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0332] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0333] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0334] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv) NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0335] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0336] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W°(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H. CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂′ NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0337] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0338] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0339] wherein Q is OH, OR′, SH, SR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR′OH, NR′OR″, where R′ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, trialkylsilylalkyl, or cyanoalkyl group, or an aryl group, and where RI′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR^(a), NH, NR^(iv), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(b), NR^(b), NOR^(b), or CH₂, where R^(b) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0340] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0341] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0342] wherein X is NH, NR, O or S, where R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; Y is —(CH₂),-, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(k)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″, OCOR^(iv), NH₂, NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv) or CF₃, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0343] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(b), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0344] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0345] wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0346] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0347] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0348] wherein X is NH, NR, O or S, where R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

[0349] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0350] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0351] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0352] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0353] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0354] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0355] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0356] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0357] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0358] The invention additionally provides a compound having the structure:

[0359] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0360] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0361] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0362] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0363] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0364] The invention also provides a comnpound having the structure:

[0365] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, N₃, NH₂, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0366] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, _(N)H NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0367] wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂l NH, NR^(iv), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹W or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR ′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0368] wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NRC′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, N02 or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁴R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group.

[0369] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0370] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0371] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0372] The invention still further provides the (+) and (−) enantiomer of the compound having the structure:

[0373] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention also provides a compound of having the structure:

[0374] The invention additionally provides the (+) and (−) enantiomer of the compound having the structure:

[0375] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0376] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0377] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0378] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0379] The invention additionally provides a compound having the structure:

[0380] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0381] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0382] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0383] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0384] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0385] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0386] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0387] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0388] The invention further provides a compoud having the structure:

[0389] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0390] The invention also provides a comnpound having the structure:

[0391] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0392] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0393] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0394] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0395] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0396] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0397] The invention still further provides a compound having the structure:

[0398] The invention further provides a compound having the structure:

[0399] The invention also provides a compound having the structure:

[0400] The invention additionally provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises the compound disclosed herein in a therapeutically effective amount and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention includes the pharmaceutical composition wherein the carrier is a solid and the composition is a tablet. In such pharmaceutical compositions, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0.1 to about 500 mg. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 1 to 60 mg. The invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition wherein the carrier is a liquid and the composition is a solution, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0. 1 to about 500 mg per mL of solution and in certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 1 to about 60 mg per mL of solution. The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the carrier is a gel and the composition is a suppository, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0.1 to about 500 mg.

[0401] The invention also encompasses a method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds disclosed herein.

[0402] The invention provides a method of lowering intraocular pressure in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds disclosed herein.

[0403] The invention further provides a method of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds disclosed herein.

[0404] The invention has general utility in providing a method of treating diseases mediated by a, receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds disclosed herein.

[0405] Throughout this application the term “compound” is used to refer both to unresolved racemic mixtures and to each of the optically resolved enantiomers in those cases where a given compound is optically active.

[0406] The invention additionally provides a method of treating diseases mediated by a₁ receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of the preferred embodiments.

[0407] Certain preferred embodiments of this invention are denoted in the Experimental Details provided herein as 2, 29, 38, 41, 42, 45, 47, 56, 61, 73, 81, 82, 83, 93, 166, 171, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 192, 193, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 207 and 233.

[0408] The dihydropyridine derivatives disclosed herein are potent, selective alpha-1_(c) antagonists with weak calcium channel antagonist activity, and, it is anticipated, will be useful in providing a novel treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. This therapeutic use is supported by data presented in Tables 2 and 3 hereinbelow, which illustrate the beneficial effects of representative examples of these compounds in well established models of prostate contraction. In addition, the compounds disclosed herein may also be useful as cardiovascular antihypertensive agents, as inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis, and as agents for decreasing intraocular pressure in a mammalian eye, as well as for treating male erectile dysfunction, congestive heart failure, Raynaud's disease, and multidrug resistance.

[0409] The present invention therefore provides a method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, a method of reducing cardiovascular hypertension, cholesterol synthesis, and intraocular pressure in a mammalian eye, a method for treating male erectile dysfunction, congestive heart failure, Raynaud's disease, and multidrug resistance. For example, the method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia comprises administering a quantity of any of the claimed dihydropyridines effective to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. The drug may be administered to a patient afflicted with benign prostatic hyperplasia by any conventional route of administration, including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, oral, subcutaneous, intratumoral, intradermal, and parenteral. The effective quantity is between 0.001 mg and 10.0 mg per kg of subject body weight.

[0410] The present invention also provides compounds useful for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the claimed dihydropyridines disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may contain between 0.1 mg and 500 mg of the claimed compound, and may be constituted in any form suitable for the mode of administration selected. Compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixers, and suspensions. Forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions.

[0411] The drug may otherwise be prepared as a sterile solid composition which may be dissolved or suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectible medium. Carriers are intended to include necessary and inert binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preserivatives, dyes, and coatings.

[0412] Optimal dosages to be administered may be determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular dihydropyridine in use, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. Additional factors depending on the particular patient being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including patient age, weight, gender, diet, and time of administration.

[0413] The following Experimental Details are set forth to aid in an understanding of the invention, and are not intended, and should not be construed, to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

[0414] Experimental Details.

[0415] General Methods

[0416] Four general synthetic methods were used to synthesize the compounds of the invention. These methods are illustrated in Reaction Schemes 1-4. The symbols R, A, B, and C, and the variable n are defined by the Examples.

[0417] Method A:

[0418] Example 1 is illustrative of Method A, which is outlined in Reaction Scheme 1.

EXAMPLE 1

[0419] 4,4-Diphenylpiperidine hydrochloride.

[0420] A mixture of 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (15.0 g, 97.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and AlCl₃ (130 g, 976 mmol, 10.0 equiv) in anhydrous benzene (600 mL) was stirred at reflux for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into ice (300 g) and water (50 mL), and filtered. The solid was washed with toluene and dried to afford 19.2 g (72%) of off-white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0421] 3-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile.

[0422] To a suspension of 4,4-diphenylpiperidine hydrochloride (195 mg, 0.712 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (1.5 mL) was added Et₃N (0.25 mL, 1.8 mmol, 2.6 equiv) followed by acrylonitrile (0.13 mL, 2.01 mmol, 2.8 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature under argon for 15 minutes and then concentrated. Water was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 170 mg (87%) of tan solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0423] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine.

[0424] To a stirred solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (2.00 g, 6.89 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.0 M, 24.1 mL, 24 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 50 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 1 hour. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH, extracted In 3 times with CC₂₁2 dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (Sio₂ EtOAc-MeOH-isopropylamine 9:1:0 to 4:1:0.2) to give 1.35 g (66%) of tan solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0425] N-(3-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) acoetoacetamide.

[0426] Diketene (0.44 mL, 5.7 mmol, 1.3 equiv, Aldrich) was added at room temperature to a stirred solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.288 g, 4.37 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous toluene (15 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued for 48 hours. The mixture was concentrated to give 1.294 g (78%) of white solid, which was used for the next reaction without purification. An analytically pure sample was obtained by flash chromatography (Sio₂, EtOAc-MeOH-EtN 9:1:0 to 6:1:0.1) and characterized spectroscopically.

[0427] 4-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (1).

[0428] N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (229 mg, 0.61 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (70 mg, 0.61 mmol) and p-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (83 ul, d 1.275, 0.61 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 days. The precipitate which formed upon cooling to room temperature was filtered off to give a pale yellow solid (160 mg). Recrystallization from 2-propanol afforded white crystals (117 mg, 31% yield): mp 228-231° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₀F₃N₃O₃: C, 70.35; H, 6.38; N, 6.65. Found: C, 70.26; H,6.40; N,6.51.

[0429] Method B:

[0430] Example 2 is illustrative of Method B, which is outlined in Reaction Scheme 2.

EXAMPLE 2

[0431] 5-Carboxmido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido)pyridine (2).

[0432] A solution of 3-aminocrotonamide (6.028 g, 60.21 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (6.066 g, 40.14 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (6.227 g, 40.14 mmol) in 125 mL of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give a brown oil. This brown oil was dissolved in 250 mL of CHCl₃ (with addition of a small amount of acetone to give a homogeneous solution), washed with water (2×100 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved into 200 mL of MeOH and treated with 100 mL 2N KOH solution at OOC for 30 min. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was diluted with 100 mL of water and washed with AcOEt (2×100 mL). With stirring, the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=1 by addition of 6 N hydrochloric acid. The yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 mL of cold water and dried in vacuo to afford 5.877 g (46.1% yield for two steps) of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder. A suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.473 “mol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (90.6 mg, 0.473 mmol) in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. To this suspension was added a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (139 mg, 0.473 mmol) in 2 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The formation of a clear solution indicated completion of the reaction. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL) followed by brine (10 mL). After drying with Na₂SO, and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford a yellowish powder (165 mg, 58.8 %): m.p. 212-215° C. Calcd. for C₅H₃N₅O₄: C 70.79, H 6.63, N 11.79; Found: C 71.00, H 6.79, N 11.51.

[0433] (+) and (−)-2. The enantiomers of 2 were separated on a chiral HPLC column as follows. Four injections of the racemate (16 mg per injection in 2 ml Of EtOH) were made onto a Chiralpak AS column (20×250 mm, Daicel), which was eluted with EtOH-hexane-diethylamine (10:90:0.05) at a flowrate of 9.0 ml/min with UV detection at 300 nm. The retention times for the two enantiomers were 50 ((+)-isomer) and 65 ((−)-isomer) min repectively. The desired compounds were collected and precipitated from Et₂O/CH₂Cl2 to give yellowish powders. (+)-isomer: [α]_(D)=+91.2° (c 0.32, CHCl₃). Calcd. for C35H9N504: C 70.79, H 6.63, N 11.79; Found: C 70.53, H 6.41, N 11.50. (-)-isomer: [a],′D- -90.00 (c 0.38, CHCl₃). Calcd. for C3₅H₃9NSO₄: C 70.79, H 6.63, N 11.79; Found: C 70.58, H 6.39, N 11.57. Xethod C:

[0434] Example 3 is illustrative of Method C, which is outlined in Reaction Scheme 3.

EXAMPLE 3

[0435] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyl]}carbozamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (3).

[0436] A solution of 9.61 g of benzyl acetoacetate (50.0 mmol), 5.87 g of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (51.0 “mol), and 7.71 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (51.0 mmol) in 200 mL of isopropanol was heated at reflux temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated. The crude product was charged with 250 mL of methanol and 1.10 g of 10% Pd/C, and the mixture was hydrogenated using the balloon method for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite 545, concentrated in vacuo, partitioned between water (200 mL, containing 3.0 g of NaOH) and ethyl acetate (100 mL). The aqueous phase was washed further with 2×50 mL of ethyl acetate, and acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2). The separated oil was extracted with 2×200 mL of ethyl acetate, and 2×200 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSo₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 3.52 g of 1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-carboxylic acid (21%) as a yellow solid: mp 172-175° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for Cl₆H₆N₂O₆: C, 57.83; H, 4.85; N, 8.43. Found: C, 58.05; H, 4.79; N, 8.26.

[0437] 4-Hydroxypiperidine (10.0 g, 98.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and AlCl₃ (105.5 g, 791.2 mmol, 8.0 equiv) were stirred in refluxing benzene (350 mL) under a CaSO₄ drying tube for 85 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured carefully into ice (500 g) and water (50 mL) with stirring. With ice water cooling, the pH was adjusted to 10-11 by addition of solid NaOH. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×250 mL). The combined organic solutions were washed with brine, dried over MgSO_(4,) and concentrated to give 6.5 g of 4-phenylpiperidine (yellow solid, 40%), which was characterized spectroscopically. A suspension of 4-phenylpiperidine (5.20 g, 32.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-bromobutyronitrile (4.81 mL, 48.4 mmol, 1.50 equiv), potassium carbonate (11.14 g, 80.6 mmol, 2.50 equiv), and potassium iodide (266 mg, 12.9 mmol, 0.4 equiv) in n-butanol (60 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 1:19) to afford 3.95 g of 4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyronitrile (white solid, 53%), which was characterized spectroscopically. To a stirred solution of 4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyronitrile (3.81 g, 16.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH; in THF (1.0 M, 58.5 mL, 58 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 100 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 imL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 35 mL). The solvents were removed, ether (200 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether. Water (50 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10-11 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). Drying over MgSO₄ followed by removal of solvents gave 3.54 g of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (light yellow solid, 91%) which was characterized spectroscopically. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added to a mixture of 1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-carboxylic acid (596 mg, 1.79 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (554 mg, 2.68 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (241 mg, 1.97 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (500 mg, 2.15 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in Cl₂ (3 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 3 hours. The resulting suspension was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and filtered. The solid was washed with EtOAc (3 x 5 mL). The combined filtrates were washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (3×50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-NH₃ in MeOH (0.67 M), 90:15) to afford 595 mg (61%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.5 mL, 1.4 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 430 mg of 3 hydrochloride hydrate (yellow solid): m.p. 136-137° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C3,HNO₅, HCl 0.75 H₂O: C, 62.41; H, 6.84; N, 9.39. Found: C, 62.46; H, 6.76; N, 9.33. Method D: Example 4 is illustrative of Method D, which is outlined in Reaction Scheme 4.

EXAMPLE 4

[0438] 2-Cyanoethyl 3-Ozopentanoate.

[0439] A mixture of 4.86 g of ethyl propionylacetate (33.7 mmol) and 2.00 g of 3-hydroxypropionitrile (28.1 mmol) were placed in a round bottom flask (magnetically stirred) equipped with a short distillation path. The resulting mixture was gradually heated to 180-205° C. in an oil bath. The distillate was collected (1.2 mL). The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and the residue was distilled under reduced pressure to give 2.64 g of product: bp 95-98° C. (0.5 mm Hg). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. 5-Benzyloxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) carboaaido) pyridine, Hydrochloride Salt, Hydrate (4). A stirred solution of 19.2 g of benzyl 3-aminocrotonate (100 mmol, Davoll, J. J. Chem. Soc. 1953, 3802), 16.9 g of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxopentanoate (100 mmol), and 15.1 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (100 mmol) in 100 mL of ethanol were heated at reflux temperature for 4 h, cooled, filtered and the solids were washed with 4×50 mL of acetone. To the filtrate was added 5.20 g of NaOH in 200 mL of water, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 200 mL of additional water and 0.5 L of dichloromethane, separated, washed with 3×0.5 L of dichloromethane, acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2), the precipitated solids were filtered, and the solids were washed with 5×50 mL of EtOAc. More solids appeared in the filtrate. The solids were filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with acetone, cooled to −78° C., the precipitated solids were filtered, and washed with 2×50 mL of cold acetone (-78° C.) to give 5.20 g of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder (12%): mp 209-210° C.; Anal. Calcd for C23H2,N2O₆. 0.5H₂O: C, 64.03; H, 5.37; N, 6.49. Found: C, 64.39; H, 4.83; N, 6.41. A mixture of 3.12 g of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (6.55 mmol), 2.03 g of DCC (9.83 mmol), and 880 mg of DMAP (7.21 rmol) in 20 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for lh. 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (2.06 g, 7.86 mmol) was added the mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 5% (1 L), 10% (1 L), 15% (1 L), and 20% (2 L) MeOH-EtOAc to give 3.84 g of 5-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamidopyridine (95%) as a yellow foamy solid. Hydrochloride Salt: The free base (72 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and added to 7 mL of 0.25 N HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 195-198° C. (decomp.). Anal. Calcd for C₄₃H46N₄05.HCl:C, 68.56; H, 6.56; N, 7.44. Found: C, 68.38; H, 6.20; N, 7.40.

EXAMPLE 5

[0440] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-4-(4-pyridyl)pyridine (5).

[0441] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 4-pyridine-carboxaldehyde (51 ul, d 1.122, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 days. The precipitate which formed upon cooling to room temperature was f iltered of f to give an almost white solid (95 mg). Recrystallization from 2-propanol afforded white crystals (63 mg, 21% yield): mp 224-226° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C3₅H₄N₄O₃: C, 74.44; H, 7.14; N, 9.92. Found: C, 74.43; H, 7.23; N, 9.83.

EXAMPLE 6

[0442] 4-Cyclohazyl-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) carboxamido)pyridine (6).

[0443] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and cyclohexane-carboxaldehyde (64 ul, d 0.926, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 days and then concentrated to a pale yellow foam. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (14 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/Et₃N (40:20:3 and then 16:4:1) to give a pale yellow foam (114 mg). It was recrystallized from acetone/hexane to afford white crystals (63 mg, 21% yield): mp 171-174° C. Anal. Calcd. for CH₄₇ ₃0₃: C, 75.89; H, 8.31; N, 7.37. Found: C, 75.86; H, 8.09; N, 7.00.

EXAMPLE 7

[0444] 4-(4-Biphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (7).

[0445] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde (96 mg, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 days before it was concentrated to a yellow foam. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (15 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/Et₃N (50:10:3) to give a yellow oil which partially solidified (128 mg). It was recrystallized from EtOAc/Hexane to afford white crystals (55 mg, 16% yield): mp 136-139° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₄H₄₅N₃0₃: C, 78.84; Ho 7.09; N, 6.57. Found: C, 78.54; H, 6.92; N, 6.37.

EXAMPLE 8

[0446] 4-Benzyl-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (8).

[0447] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (180 mg, 0.48 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (55 mg, 0.48 mmol) and phenylacetaldehyde (62 ul, d 1.027, 90%, 0.48 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 1 day before it was concentrated to a yellow foam. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (15 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/Et₃N (15:5:2) to give a pale yellow foam (132 mg). It was recrystallized from EtOAc/Hexane to afford a white solid (81 mg, 29% yield): mp 175-177“C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₁N₃O₃: C, 76.92; H, 7.50; N, 7.27. Found: C, 76.81; H, 7.68; N, 7.07.

EXAMPLE 9

[0448] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-Dimethyl-4-(1-ozido-4-pyridyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (9).

[0449] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (205 mg, 0.54 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62 mg, 0.54 mmol) and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde N-oxide (67 mg, 0.54 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 days before it was concentrated to a dark green foam. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (15 g) eluting with EtOAc/MeOH/Et₃N (10:2:1) to give a yellow foam (171 mg). Trituration with EtOAc afforded a pale yellow powder (96 mg, 31% yield): mp 206-209° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₀N₄O₄′1/4 H₂0: C, 71.83; H, 6.98; N, 9.57. Found: C, 71.61; HI 6.72; N, 9.36.

EXAMPLE 10

[0450] 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-Dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) carboxamido)pyridine (10).

[0451] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (74 mg, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 days and the precipitate, after cooling to room temperature, was filtered off to give an almost white solid (134 mg). It was recrystallized twice from chloroform/hexane to afford white crystals (99 mg, 31% yield): mp 240-242° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆HoClN₃O₃.1/2 H₂O: C, 71.21; H, 6.81; N, 6.92. Found: C, 70.83; H, 6.50; N, 6.73.

EXAMPLE 11

[0452] 1,4-Dihydro-3-sethoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3,4-methylenodioxyphenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiporidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (11).

[0453] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A mixture of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (322 mg, 0.85 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (98 mg, 0.85 mmol) and piperonal (128 mg, 0.85 mmol) was heated at reflux in 2-propanol (7 mL) for 1 day and then in 1-butanol (7 mL) f or another day. Evaporation of the solvent gave an orange foam which was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (20 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/E;N (50:10:3) to afford a yellow foam (144 mg). Recrystallization from EtOAc/Hexane gave yellow crystals (64 mg, 12% yield):.mp 197-200° C. Anal. Calcd. for C374,N₃₅: C, 73.12; H, 6.80; N, 6.91. Found: C, 73.12; H, 6.71; N, 6.69.

EXAMPLE 12

[0454] 4-(4-Cyanophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamide)pyridine (12).

[0455] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (69 mg, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 days and then concentrated to a yellow oil. It was flash chromatographed over silica gel (18 g) eluting with EtOAc/Et₃N (10:1) to give a yellow foam (187 mg). It was recrystallized from MeOH/ether at −20° C. to afford pale yellow crystals (146 mg, 47% yield): mp 115-118° C. Anal. Calcd. for C3,H4,N403: C, 75.48; H, 6.85; N, 9.52. Found: C, 75.27; H, 6.82; N, 9.39.

EXAMPLE 13

[0456] 1,4-Dihydro-4-(4-iodophenyl)-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimathyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (13).

[0457] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (186 mg, 0.49 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (57 mg, 0.50 mmol) and 4-iodobenzaldehyde (114 mg, 0.49 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 days. The solution was cooled to room temperature and then refrigerated to give a pale yellow solid. It was recrystallized from 2-propanol/hexane to afford white crystals (44 mg, 13% yield): mp 228-230° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H4,IN₃0₃: C, 62.70; H, 5.85; N, 6.09. Found: C, 62.47; H, 5.82; N, 5.92.

EXAMPLE 14

[0458] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2.6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-4-(3-pyridyl)pyridine (14).

[0459] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 3-pyridine-carboxaldehyde (50 ul, d 1.135, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 days. The resulting precipitate was cooled to room temperature and then filtered off to give an almost white solid (115 mg). Recrystallization from MeOH at −20° C. afforded white crystals (56 mg, 19% yield): mp 244-247° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C3₅H₄0N,0₃: C, 74.44; H, 7.14; N, 9.92. Found: C, 74.24; H, 7.16; N, 9.73.

EXAMPLE 15

[0460] 4-(4-Dronophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dim-thyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (15).

[0461] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (181 mg, 0.48 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (55 mg, 0.48 mmol) and 4-bromobenzaldehyde (88 mg, 0.48 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 days. The precipitate was filtered off and washed with 2-propanol to give an almost white solid (61 mg). It was recrystallized from ethanol at −20° C. to afford white crystals (38 mg, 12% yield): mp 244-247° C. (dec.). Anal. Calcd. for C3H₄₀BrN₃O₃: C, 67.28; H, 6.27; N, 6.54. Found: C, 67.02; H, 6.43; N, 6.33.

EXAMPLE 16

[0462] 4-(4-Chloro-3-nitrophexyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxai4do)pyridine (16).

[0463] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (61 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (98 mg, 0.53 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 days. Then the solvent was evaporated to give a brown foam. It was dissolved in CHCl₃ and flash chromatographed over silica gel (17 g) eluting with EtOAc/Et₃N (10:1) to yield a yellow foam (182 mg). Trituration with EtOAc afforded a pale yellow solid (107 rag, 3 1% yield): mp 178-181cC. Anal. Calcd. for H₃₉ClN : C, 67.23; H, 6.11; N, 8.71. Found: C, 67.04; H, 6.33; N, 8.61.

EXAMPLE 17

[0464] 3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile.

[0465] Acrylonitrile (3.1 mL, 44 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was added to a solution of 4-phenylpiperidine (3.0 g, 18 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The volatiles were removed to give 3.8 g of pure product (brown oil, 99%), which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aninopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine. To a stirred solution of 3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (5.1 g, 24 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH₃ in THF (1.0 M, 83 mL, 83 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 130 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 50-70° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL) and CHiCl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 N, 50 mL). The solvents were removed, ether (250 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether. Water (60 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10-11 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂. Drying over MgSO₄ followed by removal of solvents gave 4.5 g (87%) of pure product (light brown solid), which was characterized spectroscopically. N-(3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetanide. Diketene (1.64 mL, 21.3 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (3.10 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (30 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated to give 4.50 g (100%) of viscous orange oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification. 4-(4-Chloro-3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (17). This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (221 mg, 0.73 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (84 mg, 0.73 mmol) and 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (136 mg, 0.73 mmol) in 2-propanol (7 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 days. Then the solvent was evaporated to give a yellow foam. It was dissolved in CHCl₃ and flash chromatographed over silica gel (19 g) eluting with EtOAc/Et₃N (20:1) to yield a yellow foam (194 mg). Recrystallization from EtOAc afforded yellow crystals (119 mg, 29% yield): mp 191-192° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₅ClN₄O₅: C, 63.54; H, 6.22; N, 9.88. Found: C, 63.65; H, 6.26; N, 9.64.

EXAMPLE 18

[0466]1,4-Dihydro-4-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (18).

[0467] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde (80.1 ul, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 48 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10 1) to give a yellow solid. It was recrystallized from EtoAc and hexane to afford white crystals (140 mg, 44%): m. p. 163.0-163.5° C. Anal. Calcd. for C39H4N303: C, 77.32, H, 7.82, N, 6.94. Found: C, 77.29, H, 7.80, N, 6.84.

EXAMPLE 19

[0468]1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carbozsaido)pyridine (19).

[0469] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 4-methylbenzaldehyde (62.3 ul, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow solid. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (100 mg, 33%): m. p. 234.0-235.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C37H₃N₃0₃.l/2H₂0: C, 75.73, H, 7.56, N, 7.16. Found: C, 75.91, H. 7.33, N, 6.94.

EXAMPLE 20

[0470] 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (20).

[0471] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (56.6 ul, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane : EtOAc : Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give white crystals (100 mg, 33%): m. p. 251.0-251.5° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H4,N₃0₃F: C, 74.33, H, 6.93, N, 7.22, F, 3.27. Found: C, 74.08, H, 7.13, N, 6.71, F, 3.38.

EXAMPLE 21

[0472] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiporidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (21).

[0473] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (64.2 ul, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 96 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (100 mg, 31%): m. p. 212.0-213.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for CH₄₃N304: C, 74.84, H, 7.30, N, 7.08. Found: C, 74.61, H, 7.26, N, 6.85.

EXAMPLE 22

[0474] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(2-naphthyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamide)pyridine (22).

[0475] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 2-naphthaldehyde (84.0 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:EtN=50:50:3, hexane EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow solid. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (100 mg, 31%): sublimes at R.T. Anal. Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₃N₃O₃: C, 78.27, H, 7.06, N, 6.85. Found: C, 78.31, H, 7.28, N, 6.64.

EXAMPLE 23

[0476] 4-(3-Furyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) carboxamide)pyridine (23).

[0477] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 3-furaldehyde (46.7 ul, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane: EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10 90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (40 mg, 14%): m. p. 225.0-226.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₉N₃O₄: C, 73.75, H, 7.10, N, 7.59. Found: C, 73.48, H, 6.92, N, 7.30.

EXAMPLE 24

[0478] 4-(3 ,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(3-(D 44-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylcarboxamido)pyridine (24).

[0479] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde (92.4 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (75 mg, 23%): m. p. 177.0-178.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₃₉N₃O₃Cl₂: C, 68.35, H, 6.21, N, 6.64, Cl, 11.20. Found: C, 68.27, H, 5.91, N, 6.45, Cl, 10.93.

EXAMPLE 25

[0480] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamide)pyridine (25).

[0481] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and methyl 4-formylbenzoate (86.7 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtoAc and hexane to afford yellow crystals (70 mg, 21%): m. p. 175.5-176.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₃N₃O₅: C, 73.41, H, 6.97, N, 6.76. Found: C, 73.21, H, 6.81, N, 6.52.

EXAMPLE 26

[0482] 1.4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3, 4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1,6-Dimethyl-5-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamide)pyridine (26).

[0483] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (87.7 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 1-butanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 84 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash. silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (60 mg, 18%): m. p. 180.0-181.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₅N₃O₅: C, 73.17, H, 7.27, N, 6.74. Found: C, 73.21, H, 7.05, N, 6.54.

EXAMPLE 27

[0484] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-5-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (27).

[0485] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4;4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (103.6 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 1-butanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 84 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (70 mg, 20%): m. p. 187.0-188.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₇N₃O₆: C, 71.65, H, 7.25, N, 6.43. Found: C, 71.65, H, 7.28, N, 6.41.

EXAMPLE 28

[0486] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamide)pyridine (28).

[0487] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (300 mg, 0.792 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (94.1 mg, 0.792 mmol), and 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzaldehyde (130.8 mg, 0.792 mmol) in 1-butanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 48 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50 50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow solid. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford white crystals (130 mg, 29%): m. p. 222.0-222.5° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇N₄₂O₅: C, 71.36, H, 6.80, N, 8.99. Found: C, 71.00, H, 7.43, N, 8.61.

EXAMPLE 29

[0488] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-4-(3-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (29).

[0489] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (300 mg, 0.792 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (94.1 mg, 0.792 mmol), and 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde (143.4 mg, 0.792 mmol) in 1-butanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane: EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:EtN=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a brown oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford brown solid (23 mg, 4.5%): m. p. 211.0-213.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₂N₄O₆: C, 69.57, H, 6.63, N, 8.77. Found: C, 69.37, H, 6.48, N, 8.58.

EXAMPLE 30

[0490] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) carboxamido)pyridine (30).

[0491] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (300 mg, 0.992 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (117.7 mg, 0.992 mmol), and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (149.9 mg, 0.992 mmol) in 1-butanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 6 days. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N10=1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford yellow crystals (91 mg, 17%): m. p. 78.0-80.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₅: C, 67.65, H, 6.81, N, 10.52. Found: C, 67.93, H, 6.91, N, 10.11.

EXAMPLE 31

[0492] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (31).

[0493] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (300 mg, 0.992 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (117.7 mg, 0.992 nmol), and p-tolualdehyde (117.0 ul, d 1.019, 0.992 mmol) in 1-butanol(5 mL) was refluxed for 72 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford yellow crystals (79 mg, 16%): m. p. 139.0-139.5° C. Anal. Calcd. for C3,H39N303: C, 74.22, H, 7.83, N, 8.38. Found: C, 74.19, HI 7.87, N, 8.25.

EXAMPLE 32

[0494] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) carboxamido)-4-(4-pyridyl)pyridine (32).

[0495] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (300 mg, 0.992 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (117.7 mg, 0.992 mmol), and 4-pyridincarboxaldehyde (94.7 ul, d 1.122, 0.992 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 mL) was refluxed for 48 hrs. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N 50:50:3, hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6, EtOAc:Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow oil. It was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to afford light yellow crystals (220 mg, 45%): m. p. 79.0-80.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₉H₃₆N₄O₃.1/2H₂O: C, 69.99, H, 7.49, N, 11.26. Found: C, 70.18, H, 7.51, N, 11.21.

EXAMPLE 33

[0496] 4-(5-Benzofurazanyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (33).

[0497] This compound is prepared according to Method A. A mixture of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) acetoacetamide (1 equivalent), 3-aminocrotonamide (1 equivalent) and 5-benzofurazan carboxaldehyde (1 equivalent) in 2-propanol is heated at reflux for several days and then concentrated. After flash chromatography and recrystallization, the product is isolated and characterized spectroscopically.

EXAMPLE 34

[0498] 4-(4-Acetamidophenyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (34).

[0499] This compound is prepared according to Method A. A mixture of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (1 equivalent), 3-aminocrotonamide (1 equivalent) and 4-acetamidobenzaldehyde (1 equivalent) in 2-propanol is heated at reflux for several days and then concentrated. After flash chromatography and recrystallization, the product is isolated and characterized spectroscopically.

EXAMPLE 35

[0500] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (35).

[0501] This compound is prepared according to Method A. A mixture of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (1 equivalent), 3-aminocrotonamide (1 equivalent) and 4-methanesulfonylbenzaldehyde (1 equivalent) in 2-propanol is heated at reflux for several days and then concentrated. After flash chromatography and recrystallization, the product is isolated and characterized spectroscopically.

EXAMPLE 36

[0502] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(2-hydroxybenzimidazol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (36).

[0503] This compound is prepared according to Method A. A mixture of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (1 equivalent), 3-aminocrotonamide (1 equivalent) and 2-hydroxybenzimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde (1 equivalent) in 2-propanol is heated at reflux for several days and then concentrated. After flash chromatography and recrystallization, the product is isolated and characterized spectroscopically.

EXAMPLE 37

[0504] 5-Cyano-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3- {N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (37).

[0505] This compound was prepared according to Method A. The solution of 3-aminocrotononitrile (67 mg, 0.816 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (123 mg, 0.816 mmol) and N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (309 mg, 0.816 mmol) in 50 mL of 2-propanol was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (Sio₂, MeOH: CHC₃, 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was converted into the hydrochloride salt and recrystallized from MeOR/Et₂O, 12 mg (2.4% yield) colorless crystals was obtained. M.p. 252 oC (dec); Calcd for C₃₅H₃₇N₅O₃.HCl.1/2H₂O: C 67.68, H 6.33, N 11.27; Found: C 67.63, H 6.29, N 10.88.

EXAMPLE 38

[0506] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (38).

[0507] This compound was prepared according to Method A. The solution of 3-amino-N-methylcrotonamide (60.3 mg, 0.528 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (79.8 mg, 0.528 mmol) and N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 50 mL of 2-propanol was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated from CHCl₂/Et₂o to afford 38 mg (7.1% yield) of yellowish powder: m.p. 134° C.; Calcd for C₃₇H₄₁N₅O_(4.)1/4H₂O: C 70.62, H 6.83, N 11.44, Found: C 70.77, H 6.56, N 10.95.

EXAMPLE 39

[0508] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (39).

[0509] This compound was prepared according to Method A. The solution of 3-amino-N,N-dimethylcrotonamide (76 mg, 0.592 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (89 mg, 0.592 mmol) and N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (224 mg, 0.592 mmol) in 50 mL of 2-propanol was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂₁ MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated by AcOEt/hexane mixture to afford 30 mg (8.0% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 135° C.; Calcd for C₃₇H₄₃N₅O₄.1/2H₂O: C 70.45, H 7.03, N 11.10, Found: C 70.51, H 6.89, N 11.13.

EXAMPLE 40

[0510] 1,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-2-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-ozo-3-55 N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidoquinoline (40).

[0511] This compound was prepared according to Method A. The solution of 3-amino-2-cyclohexene-1-one (335 mg, 3.00 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (445 mg, 3.00 mmol) and N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (113 mg, 3.00 mmol) in 100 mL of 2-propanol was refluxed for 72 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO2′ MeOH: CHCl₃₁ 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated from CH₂cl₂/Et₂O to afford 127 mg (7.0% yield) of yellow powder: M.p. 143-146° C.; Calcd for C37H4N404.1/2H₂O: C 72.41, H 6.73, N 9.13; Found: C 72.69, H 6.66, N 8.98.

EXAMPLE 41

[0512] 3-Carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (41).

[0513] This compound was prepared according to Method A. The solution of 3-amino-2-pentenamide (219 mg, 1.91 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (289 mg, 1.91 mmol) and N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (667 mg, 1.91 mmol) in 50 mL of 2-propanol was refluxed for 72 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated from CHCl₂/E₂O to afford 156 mg (13.3% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 120-124° C; Calcd for C₃₆H₄₁N₅O₄.1/4H₂O: C 70.62, H 6.83, N 11.44; Found: C 70.91, H 6.98, N 10.97.

EXAMPLE 42

[0514] 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxmidopyridine (42).

[0515] This compound was prepared according to Method A. To 30 mL of boiling p-xylene was added a solution of 6-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H,4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (760 mg, 5 mmol) and 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (1.48 g, 5 mmol) in 20 mL p-xylene dropwise in about 15 min., during which time, about 20 mL of xylene was distilled off through a condenser. Heating was continued for an additional 45 min. to distill most of the xylene. The remaining xylene was furthur removed by evaporation in vacuo. The product, propionylacetic acid N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]amide, was used for next reaction without further purification.

[0516] A solution of 3-amino-2-pentenamide (261 mg, 2.28 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (345 mg, 2.28 ′mol) and propionylacetic acid N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]amide (896 mg, 2.28 mmol) in 50 mL of EtOH was refluxed for 72 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford 81 mg (5.4% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 119-123° C.; Calcd for C₃₇H₄₃N₅O₄.3/2Ho: C 68.02, H 7.17, N 10.72; Found: C 68.05, H 6.71, N 10.89.

EXAMPLE 43

[0517] 2-(Furan-3-yl)-, 4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamidopyridine, hydrochloride salt (43).

[0518] This compound was initially prepared according to Method A, and later according to Method B (see below). Method A: A stirred solution of 191 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0.676 mmol), 123 mg of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(furan-3-yl)propionate (0.676 mmol), and 83 mg of dimethylaminopyridine (0.676 mmol) in 5 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 18 hrs, cooled, and the residue was dissolved in 30 mL of EtOAc. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×20 mL of aqueous 1 N HCl solution. The combined aqueous extracts were washed with 20 mL of 1:1 EtOAc-ether, basified with NaHCO₃ (pH=8-9), and extracted with 2×20 mL of EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-isopropyl amine-EtOAc (1:1:98). The column was eluted with MeOH-isopropyl amine-EtOAc 1:1:98, 2:1:97, 5:1:94, 10:1:89, 20:1:79 (0.5 L each) to give N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1yl)propyl 3-oxo-3-(furan-3-yl)propanamide as a slightly yellow viscous oil. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0519] A mixture of 40 mg of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl 3-oxo-3-(furan-3-yl)propanamide (0.096 mmol), 11 mg of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (0.096 mmol), and 15 mg of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.096 mmol) in 5 mL of isopropanol was heated at reflux temperature for 4 days, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was applied to a preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate and eluted with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. A yellow band was collected. This crude product was dissolved in a minimum of EtOAc (0.5 mL) and excess HCl in ether (1 mL) was added to afford, after filtration, 5.8 mg (1% from ethyl 3-oxo-3-(furan-3-yl)propionate) of the free base as a yellow powder: mp 197-205° C. (decomp.). Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₆.HCl:C, 66.61; H, 6.03; N, 8.18. Found: C, 66.61; H, 5.81; N, 7.94.

[0520] Method B: A mixture of 894 mg of ethyl 3-(furan-3-yl)-3-oxopropionate (4.90 mmol) and 347 mg of 3-hydroxypropionitrile (4.88 mmol) was heated in an oil bath to 180-205° C. for 0.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled and distilled under reduced pressure. Three fractions were obtained. ¹H NMR indicated that the third fraction (bp 100-140° C. (0.5 mm Hg)) was a 1:1 mixture of ethyl 3-(furan-3-yl)-3-oxopropionate and 2-cyanoethyl 3-(furan-3-yl)-3-oxopropionate. This mixture was used in the condensation step after spectral characterization. A solution of the 3-oxoesters (approximately 1.67 mmol), 192 mg of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (1.67 mmol), and 252 mg of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.67 mmol) in 5 mL of isopropanol was heated at reflux temperature for 30 hrs, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane and 15 mL of water (containing 35 mg of NaOH), stirred for 0.5 hr, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water (20 mL each), separated, and the aqueous extract was washed with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The organic solutions were discarded. The aqueous extract was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=3), and the resulting cloudy mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow oil that partially solidified under reduced pressure. A solution of 75 mg of 2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.20 mmol) and 35 mg of carbonyldiimidazole (0.22 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with 2% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 3% MeOH-EtOAc to give 45 mg (58%) of 5-carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0521] 5-Carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol1-yl)carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine was dissolved in 5 mL of dry THF and excess (1.5 equivalents) of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 3 hrs and cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in 20 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with water (3×10 mL). After removal of the solvent, the crude product was chromatographed on 50 g of silica packed with 10% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 10% MeOH-EtOAc to give 61 mg of 2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-pyridine, which was spectroscopically identical to the product obtained by Method A.

EXAMPLE 44

[0522] Acetoacetic Acid 3-(N,N-dimethyl)aminopropyl ester.

[0523] Diketene (2.54 mL, 33.0 mmol, 1.30 equiv) was added to a solution of 3-(N,N-dimethyl)aminopropan-1-ol (3.00 mL, 25.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in toluene (30 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 hours. The solvent was removed to afford 4.76 g of brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0524] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-{3-[(N,N-dimethyl) amino]propoxy}carbonyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine hydrochloride (44).

[0525] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A mixture of acetoacetic acid 3-(N,N-dimethyl)aminopropyl ester (0.937 g, 5.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl-3-aminocrotonate (576 mg, 5.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (756 mg, 5.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 2-propanol (30 mL) was stirred at reflux for 60 hours. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. EtOAc-MeOH 1:0 to 6:1; 2. CH₂Cl₂-isopropylamine 10:0.5) to give 888 mg of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 2.50 mL, 2.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added dropwise with swirling to 20 mL of ether. Filtration afforded 516 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 120-121° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₇N₃O₆HCl: C, 55.57; H, 6.22; N, 9.26. Found: C, 55.29 H, 6.50; N, 8.55.

EXAMPLE 45

[0526] (±)-1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hemihydrate((±)-45).

[0527] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (4.50 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (1.68 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (2.15 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 2-propanol was stirred at reflux for 52 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-MeOH-Et₃N 9:1:0 to 6:1:0.1). A solution of the chromatographed product in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added dropwise with swirling to 250 mL of ether-hexane (1:1). Filtration of this mixture afforded 2.50 g (33%) of yellow crystalline solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (1.0 g, 1.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added dropwise a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 2.3 mL, 2.3 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added dropwise to 70 mL of ether with swirling. Filtration afforded 1.04 g of yellow solid: m.p. 159-160° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀N₄O₅.HCl.0.5 H₂O: C, 62.33; H, 6.63; N, 9.69. Found: C, 62.19; H, 6.38; N, 9.34.

[0528] (−)- and (+)-45 hydrochloride heaihydrate.

[0529] The enantiomers of 45 free base were separated on a chiral HPLC column as follows. Three injections of (±)-45 free base (ca. 25 mg per injection in EtOH solution) were made onto a Chiralpak AS column (20×250 mm) which was pre-equilibrated with EtOH-hexane-diethylamine (10:90:0.017). The column was eluted with a gradient at 9.0 mL/min: hexane, 0.0-3.0 min; ramp to EtOH-hexane-diethylamine (30:70:0.05) 3.0-6.0 min and hold at final conditions. Detection was by UV absorption at 300 nm. The first major peak eluted at 19.56 min. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.25 mL). After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (6 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 19.4 mg of yellow powder: [α]_(D)=−18.4° (EtOH, 0.000711 g/mL); m.p. 160° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₅.HCl0.5.H₂O: C, 62.33; H, 6.63; N, 9.69. Found: C, 62.74; H, 6.73; N, 9.66. The second major peak, which eluted at 29.28 min, was converted to the HCl salt and precipitated as described for the (−)- enantiomer to afford 20.6 mg of yellow powder: la]D =+24.40 (EtOH, 0.000753 g/mL); m.p. 161° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 62.33; H 6.63; N, 9.69. Found: C, 62.33; H, 6.26; N, 9.51.

EXAMPLE 46

[0530] [3-(N-Methylamino)propyl]-4,4-diphenylpiperidine.

[0531] To a stirred solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (5.00 g, 17.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 22.4 mL, 22 mmol, 1.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue and trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (9.67 g, 65.4 mmol, 3.80 equiv) were stirred in refluxing anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) under argon for 44 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., anhydrous MeOH (5 mL) was added, and stirring was continued for 1 hour at 0° C. The solvents were removed and the residue was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (30 mL). Sodium borohydride (5.20 g, 138 mmol, 8.00 equiv) was added at 0° C., and stirring was continued at this temperature under argon for 2 hours. The solution was acidified to pH 1 by slow addition of 6 N aqueous HCl (40 mL) at 0° C. and stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. After removal of the solvents, water (30 mL) was added and the mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL), and the combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-MeOH-isopropylamine 9:1:0 to 5:1:0.2) to give 2.18 g (41%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. N-[3-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-H-methylacetoacetamide.

[0532] Diketene (0.98 mL, 12.7 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1-[3-(N-methylamino)propyl]-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (2.61 g, 8.46 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous toluene (30 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued for 1 hour. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-MeOH-isopropylamine 9:1:0 to 6:1:0.1) to afford 2.97 g (89%) of brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0533] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hemihydrate (46).

[0534] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-N-methylacetoacetamide (1.49 g, 3.79 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (479 mg, 4.16 mmol, 1.10 equiv), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (629 mg, 4.16 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in isopropanol (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour and then refluxed under argon for 60 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated, and the residue was purified three times by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. EtOAc-MeOH 10:0 to 9:1; 2. CH₂Cl₂-Et₃N 96:4; 3. EtOAc-MeOH 19:1) to afford 210 mg of light yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (190 mg, 0.305 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.37 mL, 0.37 mmol, 1.2 equiv) with swirling. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to 20 mL of ether with swirling. Filtration afforded 196 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 179-180° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₃N₄O₅. HCl.0.5 H₂O: C, 66.51; H, 6.64; N, 8.38. Found: C, 66.32; H, 6.58; N, 8.16.

EXAMPLE 47

[0535] 4-Aminopent-3-en-2-one.

[0536] Concentrated ammonium hydroxide (ca. 14.8 M, 6.6 mL, 98 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise to neat 2,4-pentanedione (10 mL, 97 mmol, 1.0 equiv) at ambient temperature. Water (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was removed to give 9.2 g (95%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next step without purification.

[0537] 5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (47).

[0538] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (7.57 g, 20.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-aminopent-3-en-2-one (2.18 g, 22.0 mmol, 1.10 equiv), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (3.33 g, 22.0 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in isopropanol 30 mL) was refluxed under argon for 72 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was purified on two successive SiO₂ flash chromatography columns (1. EtOAc, followed by EtOAc-MeOH 19:1; 2. CH₂Cl₂-MeOH 96:4) to give 3.5 g of yellow solid. A solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise to EtOAc at room temperature. Storage of the resulting mixture at −10° C. for 12 hours, followed by filtration and washing with CH₂Cl₂-EtOAc (1:1), afforded 2.10 g of yellow solid (18%), which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (50 mg, 0.084 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CHCl₂-EtOH (1:1, 10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.13 mL, 0.13 mmol, 1.5 equiv) with swirling. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂-EtOH 1:1 (3 mL) and added dropwise to 20 mL of ether-hexane (1:1). Filtration afforded 41 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 173-174° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₄.HCl.H₂O: C, 66.81; H, 6.70; N, 8.66. Found: C, 66.44; H, 6.34; N, 8.43.

EXAMPLE 48

[0539] 1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0540] A suspension of 4-phenylpiperidine (3.00 g, 18.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropan-1-ol (2.12 mL, 22.3 mmol, 1.20 equiv), potassium carbonate (12.8 g, 93.0 mmol, 5.00 equiv), and potassium iodide (124 mg, 0.74 mmol, 0.04 equiv) in n-butanol (50 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSo₄ and concentrated. The residue was crystallized from ethyl acetate to give 3.36 g (82%) of tan solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0541] 3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl acetoacetate.

[0542] Diketene (0.95 mL, 12 mmol, 1.3 equiv) was added to a solution of 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (2.08 g, 9.48 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in toluene (30 mL), and the mixture was stirred under argon for 70 hours at room temperature. Removal of solvent gave 2.88 g (100%) of light brown, viscous oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0543] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methazycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propoxy]}carbonylpyridine hydrochloride hydrate (48).

[0544] This compound was prepared according to Method A. 3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl acetoacetate (2.85 g, 9.40 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (1.08 g, 9.40 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.42 g, 9.40 mmol, 1.00 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 48 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, Et₂O-hexane 1:1, followed by EtOAc-hexane 2:1 to 1:0) to give 1.76 g (35%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 4.5 mL, 1.4 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (50 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 1.75 g of yellow solid: m.p. 139-140° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₅N₃O₆.HCl: C, 63.20; H, 6.37; N, 7.37. Found: C, 63.05 H, 6.56; N, 7.16.

EXAMPLE 49

[0545] 5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(4 ,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propoxy]carbonylpyridine hydrochloride hemihydrate (49). This compound was prepared according to Method A. A mixture of 4-aminopent-3-en-2-one (287 mg, 2.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (438 mg, 2.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv), and 3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl acetoacetate (1.10 g, 2.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in isopropanol (30 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 60 hours. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (siO₂, EtOAc-hexane 1:1 to 1:0) to give 371 mg (22%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.0 mL, 1.6 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (20 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 319 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 160.0-160.5° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₃₉N₃₀ ₅.HCl.0.5 H₂O: C, 67.75; H, 6.32; N, 6.58. Found: C, 67.62 H, 6.34; N, 6.28.

EXAMPLE 50

[0546] 3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl acetoacetate.

[0547] Diketene (1.48 mL, 19.2 mmol, 1.30 equiv) was added to a solution of 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)piperidine (2.12 g, 14.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Leonard, N. J.; Musker, W. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 5148) in toluene (30 mL), and the mixture was stirred under argon for 72 hours at room temperature. Removal of solvent gave 3.52 g (100%) of light brown, viscous oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0548] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy]carbonylpyridine hydrochloride etherate (50).

[0549] This compound was prepared according to Method A. 3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl acetoacetate (2.20 g, 9.68 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (1.11 g, 9.68 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.46 g, 9.68 mmol, 1.00 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:19) to give 1.71 g (39%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 4.5 mL, 1.2 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (70 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 1.78 g of yellow solid: m.p. 128-129° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₆.HCl.0.4 Et₂O: C, 58.72; H, 6.93; N, 8.02. Found: C, 58.44 H, 6.82; N, 7.76.

EXAMPLE 51

[0550] N-(3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide.

[0551] Diketene (2.40 mL, 31.1 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)piperidine (2.95 g, 20.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv, Bates, R. J.; Cymerman-Craig, J.; Moyie, M.; Yong, R. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 388) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture was concentrated to give 4.8 g (100%) of light brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0552] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride etherate (51).

[0553] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (4.53 g, 20.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (2.37 g, 20.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (3.02 g, 20.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (60 mL) at reflux for 60 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:6) to afford 2.25 g of yellow solid. A solution of this product in CH₂C′₂ (10 mL) was added dropwise into ether (50 mL) with swirling. A yellow solid (1.75 g, 19%) was collected by filtration and characterized spectroscopically. This product (1.4 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 4.5 mL, 1.5 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (80 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 1.38 g of yellow solid: m.p. 150.0-150.5° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₂Ns₄O₅.HCl.0.2 Et₂O: C, 58.66; H, 6.95; N, 11.03. Found: C, 58.31 H, 7.05; N, 10.70.

EXAMPLE 52

[0554] (4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)acetonitrile.

[0555] A suspension of 4,4-diphenylpiperidine (4.00 g, 16.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv), chloroacetonitrile (1.40 mL, 21.9 mmol, 1.30 equiv, Aldrich), potassium carbonate (4.67 g, 33.8 mmol, 2.00 equiv), and potassium iodide (561 mg, 3.38 mmol, 0.20 equiv) in n-butanol (20 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was stirred at reflux under-argon for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc) to afford 4.01 g (86%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0556] 1-(2-Aminoethyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine.

[0557] To a stirred solution of (4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)acetonitrile (3.90 g, 14.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH₃ in THF (1.0 M, 50 mL, 50 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature and concentrated to a volume of about 30 mL. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 50 mL) was added cautiously and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 50° C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, basified to pH 10 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 16 mL, 1.1 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and this solution was added dropwise into ether (100 mL) with swirling. The resulting solid was filtered and washed with ether (3×50 mL). This solid was taken up in water (20 mL), which was basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 3.70 g (94%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0558] N-(2-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)acetoacetanide.

[0559] Diketene (1.50 mL, 19.2 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (3.60 g, 12.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated to give 4.10 g (88%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0560] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{(N-2-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hemihydrate (52).

[0561] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(2-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) ethyl) acetoacetamide (2.34 g, 6.41 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (0.839 g, 7.06 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.07 g, 7.06 mmol, 1.10 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (40 mL) at reflux for 68 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂₁ MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:9) to afford 1.40 g (37%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product (1.36 g) was dissolved in CHiCl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 3.5 mL, 1.5 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (80 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 1.14 g of yellow solid: m.p. 170-171 ° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₈N₄O₅.HCl.0.5 H₂O: C, 65.67; H, 6.30; N, 8.75. Found: C, 65.67; H, 6.35; N, 8.62.

EXAMPLE 53

[0562] 4-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyronitrile.

[0563] A suspension of 4,4-diphenylpiperidine (4.15 g, 17.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-bromobutyronitrile (2.10 mL, 21.0 mmol, 1.20 equiv, Aldrich), potassium carbonate (4.85 g, 35.0 mmol, 2.00 equiv), and potassium iodide (581 mg, 3.50 mmol, 0.20 equiv) in n-butanol (20 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×150 mL)). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc) to afford 4.65 g (87%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0564] 1-(4-Aminobutyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine.

[0565] To a stirred solution of 4-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyronitrile (4.65 g, 15.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.0 M, 54 mL, 54 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature and concentrated to a volume of about 40 mL. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 55 mL) was added cautiously at 0° C. and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-65° C. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., basified to pH 10 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 30 mL, 2.0 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and this solution was added dropwise into ether (150 mL) with swirling. The resulting solid was filtered and washed with ether (100 mL). This solid was taken up in water (30 mL), which was basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated to give 4.51 g (95%) of light brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0566] N-(4-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyl)acetoacetamide.

[0567] Diketene (1.68 mL, 21.9 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (4.50 g, 14.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture was concentrated and the residual oil washed with hexane (3×50 mL) to give 5.17 g (90%) of light yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0568] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[4-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (53).

[0569] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(4-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) butyl) acetoacetamide (2.86 g, 7.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (0.953 g, 8.03 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.21 g, 8.03 mmol, 1.10 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂ MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:9) to afford 1.40 g (31%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 3.5 mL, 1.6 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (80 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 1.25 g of yellow solid: m.p. 166-167° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₂N₄O₅.HCl.0.75 H₂O: C, 66.06; H, 6.67; N, 8.33. Found: C, 66.04; H, 6.57; N, 8.09.

EXAMPLE 54

[0570] 5-Carboxamide-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[2-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (54).

[0571] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(2-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)acetoacetamide (2.34 g, 6.41 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-aminocrotonamide (0.706 g, 7.05 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.07 g, 7.05 mmol, 1.10 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (40 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:5; 2. CH₂Cl₂-NH₃ in MeOH (1.3 M) 12:1) to afford 1.19 g (32%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product (1.05 g, 1.81 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 2.5 mL, 1.4 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (80 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 0.857 g of yellow solid: m.p. 193-194 ° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₇N₅O₄.HCl.H₂O: C, 64.39; H, 6.36; N, 11.04. Found: C, 64.33; H, 5.98; N, 10.93.

EXAMPLE 55

[0572] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N- E4-(4 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) butyl]}carboxamido-pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (5S). This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(4-(4,4-Diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyl) acetoacetamide (2.86 g, 7.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-aminocrotonamide (0.804 g, 8.03 mmol, 1.10 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.21 g, 8.03 mmol, 1.10 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. MeOH-EtOAc 1:4; 2. CHCl₃—NH₃ in MeOH (0.55 M) 85:15) to afford 0.460 g (10%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.0 mL, 1.4 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added dropwise to ether (80 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 0.260 g of yellow solid: m.p. 184-185 CC; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₁N₅O₄ 3.HCl.H₂O: C, 65.29; H, 6.70; N, 10.58. Found: C, 65.45; H, 6.40; N, 10.55.

EXAMPLE 56

[0573] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hemihydrate (56).

[0574] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (1.60 g, 5.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv), N-methyl-3-aminocrotonamide (690 mg, 6.10 mmol, 1.15 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (920 mg, 6.10 mmol, 1.15 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 78 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. MeOH-EtOAc 1:5; 2. CHCl₃-NH₃ in MeOH (0.67 M) 100:15). After removal of solvents, the product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and added dropwise into ether (25 mL). The resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with ether (2×20 mL) to give 242 mg (8.6%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product (205 mg, 0.386 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.70 mL, 1.8 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 189 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 165-166° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₇N₅NO₄.HCl.10.5 H₂O: C, 62.44; H, 6.81; N, 12.14. Found: C, 62.38; H. 6.72; N, 11.86.

EXAMPLE 57

[0575] 2-(2-Cyanoethyl)-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-6, 7-dimethoxyisoquinoline.

[0576] A suspension of 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (9.20 g, 40.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich), 3-bromopropionitrile (3.66 mL, 44.1 mmol, 1.10 equiv, Aldrich), potassium carbonate (33.25 g, 240.6 mmol, 6.00 equiv), and potassium iodide (266 mg, 1.60 mmol, 0.04 equiv) in n-butanol (70 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (70 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 48 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:19) to afford 8.39 g of white solid (59%), which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0577] 2-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinoline. To a stirred solution of 2-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (5.70 go 23.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH₃ in THF (1.0 M, 81 mL, 81 mmol, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 130 mL) was added cautiously at room temperature and stirring was continued for 2.5 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 N, 40 mL, 1.7 equiv). The resulting solution was added dropwise into ether (250 mL) with swirling. The precipitate was filtered and washed with ether (3 x 100 mL). This solid was taken up in water (50 mL), which was basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH, and extracted with CH₂ci₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 5.10 g (88%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0578] N-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]acotoacetamide.

[0579] Diketene (1.41 mL, 18.3 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 2-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (3.05 g, 12.2 umol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (30 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture was concentrated and the residual oil washed with hexane (2×100 mL) to give 4.07 g (100%) of brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification.

[0580] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-5-{N-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (57).

[0581] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-Dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]acetoacetamide (2.04 g, 6.09 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (855 mg, 7.20 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.09 g, 7.20 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 1:6) to afford 510 mg (15%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.0 mL, 1.1 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 451 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 161-162° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₆N₄O₇.HCl.0.75 H₂O: C, 58.63; H, 6.31; N, 9.12. Found: C, 58.79; H, 6.20; N, 8.83.

EXAMPLE 58

[0582] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride (58).

[0583] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-(3-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]acetoacetamide (2.04 g, 6.09 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-aminocrotonamide (721 mg, 7.20 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.09 g, 7.20 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 72 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified twice by flash chromatography on SiO₂ (1. CHCl₃-NH₃ in MeOH (0.8 M) 9:1; 2. MeOH-EtOAc 1:6) to afford 400 mg (12%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.0 mL, 1.4 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 310 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 180-181° C; Anal. Calcd. for C₂₉H₃₅N₅O₆.HCl.0.3 CH₂Cl₂: C, 57.54; H, 6.03; N, 11.45. Found: C, 57.27; H, 5.78; N, 11.25.

EXAMPLE 59

[0584] N-(3-Bromopropyl)acetoacetamide.

[0585] Diketene (1.22 mL, 15.7 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added at room temperature to a stirred mixture of 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (2.30 g, 10.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and triethylamine (1.46 mL, 10.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-CH₂Cl₂ 0:1 to 1:18) to afford a light yellow oil, 2.10 g (90%), which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0586] N-[3-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]acetoacetazide.

[0587] A suspension of N-(3-bromopropyl)acetoacetamide (4.50 g, 20.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (3.30 mL, 26.3 mmol, 1.30 equiv), K₂CO₃ (3.64 g, 26.3 mmol, 1.30 equiv), and KI (330 mg, 1.99 mmol, 0.10 equiv) in acetone (60 mL) was stirred at reflux for 14 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 0:1 to 1:9) to give 1.78 g (43%) of light yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. N-(3-Bromopropyl)acetoacetamide (1.20 g) was also recovered.

[0588] 1,4-Dihydro-5-{N-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-7yl)propyl]}carboxazido-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (59).

[0589] This compound was prepared according to Method A. N-[3-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]acetoacetamide (1.78 g, 6.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (924 mg, 7.77 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.18 g, 7.77 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were stirred together in 2-propanol (50 mL) at reflux for 68 hours under argon. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH-EtOAc 1:9) to afford 824 mg (25%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. This product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 2.3 mL, 1.4 equiv) was added. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 690 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 145-146° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₂₈H₃₂N₄O₅.HCl.0.25 H₂O: C, 61.65; H, 6.19; N, 10.27. Found: C, 61.82; H, 6.15; N, 10.15.

EXAMPLE 60

[0590] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (60).

[0591] This compound was prepared according to Method B. The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (90 mg, 0.28 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (59 mg, 0.31 mmol) in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. To this suspension was added the solution of 3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (68 mg, 0.473 mmol) in 2 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 days. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL) followed by saturated brine (10 mL). After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was charged to SiO₂ prep-TLC and eluted with CHCl₃/MeOH/NH₃ (2N in MeOH) mixture (ratio=90:8:4). The desired product was collected and precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford 27 mg (18% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 100-105° C.; Calcd for C₂₉H₃₅N₅O₅.3/4H₂O: C 65.58, H 6.93, N 13.19; Found: C 65.94, H 6.53, N 12.81.

EXAMPLE 61

[0592] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxzamidopyridine (61).

[0593] This compound was prepared according to Method B. 5-Carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine was prepared by refluxing the solution of 3-aminocrotonamide (3.696 g, 36.9 mmol), 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (5.576 g, 36.9 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (2.864 g, 18.5 mmol) in 100 mL of EtOH for 48 hrs. After work up, the reaction mixture was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90) to give a yellow oil (4.762 g, 69.5% yield). The cyanoethyl ester (2.90 g, 7.83 ′mol) thus prepared was hydrolyzed by 2N KOH and 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.632 g,65.7% yield) was obtained as a bright yellow powder.

[0594] A suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (136 mg, 0.429 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (82 mg, 0.429 mmol) and 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (126 mg, 0.429 mmol) in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was charged to SiO₂ prep-TLC and eluted with CHCl₃/MeOH/NH₃(2N in MeOH) mixture (ratio=90:8:4). The desired product was collected and precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford 59 mg (23% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 144-148 *C; Calcd for C₃₅H₃₉N₅O₄.3/4H₂O: C 69.23, H 6.72, N 11.52; Found: C 69.16, H 6.25, N 11.32.

EXAMPLE 62

[0595] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (62).

[0596] This compound was prepared according to Method B. The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (136 mg, 0.429 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (82 mg, 0.429 mmol) and 3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (94 mg, 0.429 mmol)in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was charged to SiO₂ prep-TLC and eluted with CHCl₃/MeOH/NH₃(2N in MeOH) mixture (ratio=90:8:4). The desired product was collected and precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford 75 mg (33% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 92-96° C.; Calcd for C₂₉H₃₅N₅O₄.3/4H₂O: C 65.58, H 6.93, N 13.19; Found: C 65.96, H 6.54, N 13.04.

EXAMPLE 63

[0597] 1,4-Dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboaido-[2, 3, d]uracilylpyridine (63).

[0598] This compound was prepared according to Method B. 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-[2,3,d]uracilylpyridine was prepared by refluxing the solution of 4-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine (820 mg, 6.40 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (973 mg, 6.40 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (1.00 g, 6.40 mmol) in 100 mL of 2-propanol for 72 hrs. The product, a white precipitate, was collected by filtration, washed with 10 mL of cold 2-propanol, 10 mL of cold MeOH, then dried in vacuo to give 1.19 g (46.8% yield) of white powder. The cyanoethyl ester (500 mg, 1.26 mmol) thus prepared was hydrolyzed by 2N KOH and 1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-[2,3,d]uracilylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (255 mg, 58.8% yield) was obtained as a yellowish powder.

[0599] A suspension of 1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-[2,3,d]uracilylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.30 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (58 mg, 0.30 mmol) and 3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (66 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 40 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL), followed by washed with 10% NaHCO₃ (10 mL). After drying with MgSO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃, 10:90). The product was precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂₀ to afford 21 mg (13% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 202-205° C.; Calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₆O₅: C 63.95, H 5.92, N 15.43; Found: C 63.71, H 5.71, N 15.30.

EXAMPLE 64

[0600] 1,4-Dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl])}carboxamido-[2,3,d]uracilylpyridine (64).

[0601] This compound was prepared according to Method B. The suspension of 1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-[2,3,d]uracilylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.30 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (58 mg, 0.30 mmol) and 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (86 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL)and 10% NaHCO₃ (1 mL). After drying with MgSO, and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (Sioz, MeOH: CHCl₃₁ 10:90). The product was precipitated from CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O to afford 25 mg (13% yield) of yellowish powder: M.p. 184-186° C.; Calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₆O₅.CO₂: C 65.05, H 5.46, N 12.64; Found: C 65.43, H 5.69, N 12.21.

EXAMPLE 65

[0602] 2-(Furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (64).

[0603] This compound was prepared according Method B from 86.8 mg of 2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.200 mmol) and 65.5 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (0.300 ′mol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 5% to 20% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 110 mg of 2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl])carboxamidopyridine as a yellow foamy solid (94%). The free base (98 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 1 mL of 1 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 205-210° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₆.HCl.1.2 H₂O: C, 61.67; H, 6.18; N, 8.72. Found:C, 61.53; H, 5.71; N, 9.01.

EXAMPLE 66

[0604] 5-Carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-{N-[N-phenylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl) }carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (66).

[0605] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 50.0 mg of 5-carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.115 mmol) and 32.9 mg of N-benzyl-4-aminopiperidine (0.173 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (EtOAc) to give 56 mg of the free base (87%) as a yellow foamy solid. The free base (45 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 210-215° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₂N₄O₆.HCl.H₂O: C, 60.93; H, 5.77; N, 9.17. Found: C, 60.93; H, 5.35; N, 9.07.

EXAMPLE 67

[0606] 5-Carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3-{N-[3-(5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl)]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine hydrochloride hydrate (67).

[0607] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 51.1 mg of 5-carboxamido-2-(furan-3-yl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl) carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.118 mmol) and 38.3 mg of 2-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (0.153 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 5% to 15% MeOH-EtOAc) to give the free base as a yellow foamy solid (71%). The free base (50 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 211-221° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₈.HCl.0.5H₂O: C, 59.86; H, 5.78; N, 8.46. Found: C, 59.96; H, 5.57; N, 8.45.

EXAMPLE 68

[0608] 2-Cyanoethyl 3-Oxohexanoate.

[0609] A mixture of ethyl 3-oxohexanoate (33.7 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (28.1 mmol) were placed in a round bottom flask (magnetically stirred) equipped with a short distillation path. The resulting mixture was gradually heated to 180-205° C. in an oil bath. The distillate was collected. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and the residue was distilled under reduced pressure to give 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxohexanoate.

[0610] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic Adid.

[0611] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxohexanoate (11.9 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (11.9 mmol), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in 25 mL of isopropanol were heated at reflux temperature for 16 h, cooled, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane (slightly warmed with a heat gun to dissolve the product) and 626 mg of NaOH in 15 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture. After 0.5 hrs, the maroon solution was concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure, partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethyl acetate, separated, and the aqueous solution was washed with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate. The aqueous extract was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2), and the precipitated oil was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give the desired product as a foamy yellow solid. The acid was used in the next step without further purification.

[0612] 3-(Imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methyoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-propylpyridine.

[0613] A solution of 1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF are stirred at room temperature for 12 hours; solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on silica. The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOc to give the title compound as a yellow oily solid.

[0614] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-2-propylpyridine (68).

[0615] A solution of 3-(imidazol-1-yl) carbonyl-5-methyoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-propylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF are heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs, cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product is chromatographed on 50 g of silica packed with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc to afford the title compound as a yellow foamy solid. To this product was added HCl in ether (1 M) in a minimum amount of ethyl acetate. The precipitate was collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), and dried to give the hydrochloride salt as a yellow powder, which was characterized spectroscopically. The fumarate salt was prepared by mixing fumaric acid (8.7 mg, 0.0749 mmol) and the free base (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water. The product was purified by recrystallization.

EXAMPLE 69

[0616] 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(1-oxoheptyl)-1,3-diozane-4,6-dione.

[0617] Carbonyldiimidazole (71.7 g, 0.442 mol) was added portionwise to a stirred solution of heptanoic acid (0.402 mol) in 300 mL of dry dichloromethane. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. A solution of pyridine (35.8 mL, 0.442 mol) and Meldrum's acid (63.7 g, 0.442 mol) in 150 mL of dry dichloromethane were added over a period of 2 hours to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours, quenched with 400 mL of 2 N HCl (bubbling), separated, washed sequentially with 2×400 mL 2 N HCl, brine (400 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give the title compound as aviscous oil. The crude product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0618] 2-Cyanoethyl 3-Ozonanoate:

[0619] A mixture of 2,2-dimethyl-5-(1-oxoheptyl)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (29.4 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (4.48 g, 63.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel to give the title compound as a viscous oil, which was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0620] 2-Hexyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridin-3-carboxylic acid.

[0621] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxooctanoate (11.9 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (11.9 mmol), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in 25 mL of isopropanol are heated at reflux temperature for 16 h, cooled, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane and 626 mg of NaOH in 15 mL of water is added to the reaction mixture. After 0.5 hr, the solution is concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure, partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethyl acetate, separated, and the aqueous solution is washed with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic solutions are discarded. The aqueous extract is acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2), and the precipitated oil is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent is removed in vacuo to give a residue, which is characterized spectroscopically.

[0622] 2-Hexyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0623] A solution of 2-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF is stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo, and the crude product is chromatographed on silica and characterized spectroscopically.

[0624] 2-Hexyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (69).

[0625] This compound is prepared according to Method B. A solution of 2-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF are heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs and then cooled to room temperature. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically. The hydrochloride salt is prepared by addition of HCl in ether (1 M) to the free base in a minimum amount of ethyl acetate. The precipitate is collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), dried, and purified by recrystallization. The fumarate salt is prepared by mixing fumaric acid (8.7 mg, 0.0749 mmol) and the free base (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water. The product is purified by recrystallization.

EXAMPLE 70

[0626] 1,4-Dihydro-4-(4-methyloxyphenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0627] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxohexanoate (11.9 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (11.9 mmol), and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde in 25 mL of isopropanol is heated at reflux temperature for 16 h, cooled, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane and 626 mg of NaOH in 15 mL of water is added to the reaction mixture. After 0.5 hrs, the solution is concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure, partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethyl acetate, separated, and the aqueous solution is washed with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic solutions are discarded. The aqueous extract is acidified with concentrated HCl (pH 2), and the precipitated oil is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent is removed in vacuo to give a residue, which is characterized spectroscopically.

[0628] 2-Hexyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-methoxy)phenyl-6-methylpyridine.

[0629] A solution of 1,4-dihydro-4-(4-methyloxyphenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF. are stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically.

[0630] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methoxy) phenyl-3-(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-2-propylpyridine (70).

[0631] This compound is prepared according to Method B. A solution of 1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-methoxy)phenyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF is heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically. The hydrochloride salt is prepared by addition of HCl in ether (1 M) to the free base in a minimum amount of ethyl acetate. The precipitate is collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), dried, and purified by recrystallization. The fumarate salt is prepared by mixing fumaric acid (8.7 mg, 0.0749 mmol) and the free base (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water. The product is purified by recrystallization.

EXAMPLE 71

[0632] 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-104-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0633] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxohexanoate (11.9 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (11.9 mmcol), and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in 25 mL of isopropanol is heated at reflux temperature for 16 h, cooled, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane and 626 mg of NaOH in 15 mL of water is added to the reaction mixture. After 0.5 hrs, the solution is concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure, partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethyl acetate, separated, and the aqueous solution is washed with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic solutions are discarded. The aqueous extract is acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2), and the precipitated oil is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent is removed in vacuo to give a residue, which is characterized spectroscopically.

[0634] 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl) carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine.

[0635] A solution of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF is stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically.

[0636] 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-3-(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) )carboxamido-2-propylpyridine (71).

[0637] This compound is prepared according to Method B. A solution of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-propylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF is heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically. The hydrochloride salt is prepared by addition of HCl in ether (1 M) to the free base in a minimum amount of ethyl acetate. The precipitate is collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), dried, and purified by recrystallization. The fumarate salt is prepared by mixing fumaric acid (8.7 mg, 0.0749 mmol) and the free base (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water. The product is purified by recrystallization.

EXAMPLE 72

[0638] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methyl) phenyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0639] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxohexanoate (11.9 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (11.9 mmol), and 4-methylbenzaldehyde in 25 mL of isopropanol are heated at reflux temperature for 16 h, cooled, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of dioxane and 626 mg of NaOH in 15 mL of water is added to the reaction mixture. After 0.5 hrs, the solution is concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure, partitioned between 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethyl acetate, separated, and the aqueous solution is washed with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic solutions are discarded. The aqueous extract is acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2), and the precipitated oil is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent is removed in vacuo to give a residue, which is characterized spectroscopically.

[0640] 1,4-Dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl) carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-propylpyridine.

[0641] A solution of 1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methyl)phenyl-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF is stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically.

[0642] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-cethylphenyl)-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) )arbozuido-2-propylpyridine (72).

[0643] This compound is prepared according to Method B. A solution of 1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-propylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF is heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs. The solvent is removed in vacuo. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically. The hydrochloride salt is prepared by addition of HCl in ether (1 M) to the free base in a minimum amount of ethyl acetate. The precipitate is collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), dried, and purified by recrystallization. The fumarate salt is prepared by mixing fumaric acid (8.7 mg, 0.0749 mmol) and the free base (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water. The product is purified by recrystallization.

EXAMPLE 73

[0644] 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0645] A solution of 1.00 g of 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (2.89 mmol) and 609 mg of carbonyldiimidazole (3.75 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous THF were stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 1% MeOH-EtoAc. The column was eluted with 1% (0.5 L), 2%, (0.5 L), and 3% (1 L) MeOR-EtOAc to give 350 mg (31%) of yellow oily solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0646] 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (73).

[0647] This compound was prepared according to Method B. A solution of 181 mg of 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.456 mmol) and 300 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.06 ′mol) in 5 mL of dry THF was heated at reflux temperature for 19 hrs and then cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed on 50 g of silica packed with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 0.5 L of 10% and 0.5 L of 15% MeOH-EtOAc to afford 270 mg (95%) of yellow foamy solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this free base (124 mg) in EtOAc (0.5 mL) was added HCl in ether (1 mL, 1 M). The precipitate was collected, washed with ether (2×5 mL), and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 240-245° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₂N₄O₅.HCl. H₂O: C, 65.62; H, 6.70; N, 8.27. Found: C, 65.57; H, 6.49; N, 8.31.

EXAMPLE 74

[0648] 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (74).

[0649] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 97.4 mg of 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.246 mmol) mmol) and 80.7 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (0.369 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 5% to 25% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 128 mg (95%) of foamy yellow solid. This free base (45 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 209-214° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₈N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 61.94; H, 6.87; N, 9.32. Found: C, 62.14; H, 6.37; N, 9.39.

EXAMPLE 75

[0650] 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(N-phenylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride (75).

[0651] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 63.1 mg of 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.159 mmol) and 45.4 mg of N-benzyl-4-aminopiperidine (0.239 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 1% to 2% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 56 mg (87%) of foamy yellow solid (87%). This free base (50 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 221-224° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₄O₅.HCl:C, 62.75; H, 6.36; N, 10.09. Found: C, 62.47; H, 6.06; N, 9.94.

EXAMPLE 76

[0652] 5-Carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6, 7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2-yl)propyl)) carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine hydrochloride hydrate (76).

[0653] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 64.3 mg of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl) carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.162 mmol) and 69.9 mg of 2-(3-aminopropyl)-6, 7-dimethoxy-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (0.243 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 5% to 15% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 67 mg (71%) of foamy yellow solid. This free base (50 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 200-204° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₈N₄O₇.HCl.0.8H₂O: C, 59.15; H, 6.50; N, 8.90. Found: C, 59.27; H, 5.89; N, 9.10.

EXAMPLE 77

[0654] 5-Carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butyl))carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (77).

[0655] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 102 mg of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(imidazol-1-yl)carbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.258 mmol) and 90.0 mg of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (0.387 mmol) in 3 mL of dry THF. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 10% to 20% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 131 mg (91%) of foamy yellow solid. This free base (40 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 3 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 190-195° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 62.48; H, 7.05; N, 9.11. Found: C, 62.87; H, 6.87; N, 9.15.

EXAMPLE 78

[0656] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0657] A solution of 5.01 g of 2-cyanoethyl 3-phenyl-3-oxopropionate (23.1 mmol), 6.98 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (46.2 mmol), and 5.32 g of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (46.2 mmol) in 100 mL of isopropanol were heated at reflux temperature for 2 days, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of warm dioxane and 1.21 g of NaOH in 25 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting maroon solution was stirred for 3 hrs. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between water (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL), separated, and washed with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The aqueous extract was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH 2-3), the precipitated solids were filtered., and washed with water (2×20 mL). The crude product was recrystallized from acetone-water mixture to give 5.02 g (55%) of yellow amorphous solid: mp 190-191° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₂₁H₁₈N₂O₄: C, 63.96; H, 4.60; N, 7.10. Found: C, 63.86; H, 4.59; N, 7.04.

[0658] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (78).

[0659] This compound was prepared according to Method B. A mixture of 394 mg of 1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.00 mmol), 310 mg of DCC (1.50 mmol), and 134 mg of DMAP (1.10 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 h. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (339 mg, 1.20 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 10% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 10% (0.5 L), 15% (1 L), and 20% (0.5 L) MeOH-EtOAc to give 628 mg (95%) of yellow foamy solid. This free base (317 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 15 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 210-215° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₄₁H₄₂N₄O₅.HCl: C, 69.63; H, 6.13; N, 7.92. Found: C, 69.33; H, 6.34; N, 7.86.

EXAMPLE 79

[0660] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride (79).

[0661] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 205 mg of 1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.520 mmol), 161 mg of DCC (0.780 mmol), 70 mg of DMAP (0.572 mmol), and 121 mg of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (0.520 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica (gradient elution: 5% to 15% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 290 mg (96%) of foamy yellow solid. This free base (280 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 15 mL of 0.33 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 2×5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 196-201° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.0.5H₂O: C, 66.10; H, 6.47; N, 8.56. Found: C, 66.07; H, 6.09; N, 8.46.

EXAMPLE 80

[0662] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride (80).

[0663] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 99.0 mg of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.261 mmol), 80.8 mg of DCC (0.391 mmol), 35.1 mg of DMAP (0.287 mmol), and 88.4 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0.313 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane (24 hrs of reflux). The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica (gradient elution: 20% to 25% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 20 mg (18%) of foamy yellow solid. This free base was dissolved in 1 mL of dichloromethane and added to 2 mL of 0.5 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 225-230° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₂HN₄₀O₅.HCl.0.8 CH₂Cl₂: C, 64.46; H, 5.78; N, 9.21. Found: C, 64.42; H, 5.76; N, 9.19.

EXAMPLE 81

[0664] 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride (81).

[0665] This compound was prepared according to Method B from 550 mg of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (88% pure by spectral analyses) (1.46 ′mol), 514 mg of DCC (2.49 mmol), 223 mg of DMAP (1.83 mmol), and 523 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.99 mmol) in 20 mL of dry dichloromethane (12 hrs of reflux). The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica (gradient elution: 1:1:50 to 2:2:50 MeOH-isopropyl amine-EtOAc) to give 720 mg (74%) of foamy yellow solid (contains one equivalent of EtOAc). This free base (350 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of dichloromethane and added to 20 mL of 0.25 M HCl in ether. The precipitate was collected′washed with 3×5 mL of ether, and dried to give a yellow powder: mp 243-248° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄lN₅0₄.HCl.1.5H₂O: C, 64.42; H, 6.76; N, 10.43. Found: C, 64.32; H, 6.64; N, 10.36.

EXAMPLE 82

[0666] 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0667] 4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (5.00 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) was added to a suspension of AlCl3 (18.8 g, 141 mmol, 5.00 equiv) in anhydrous anisole-(100 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then heated to 50° C. for 3.5 hours. It was cooled to room temperature and poured cautiously into ice-water. The mixture was basified to pH 11 by addition of 6 M aqueous NaOH, and extracted with EtOAc (3×75 mL). The combined organic solutions were applied directly to a flash chromatography column, which was eluted with CH₂Cl₂—NH₃ in MeOH (0.67 M), 4:1 to afford 1.683 g (22%) of light yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-E4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile.

[0668] Acrylonitrile (1.03 mL, 15.7 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C to a solution of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (1.68 g, 6.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH (20 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-CHCl₃ 1:3) to give 1.41 g (70%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0669] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0670] To a stirred solution of 3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile (1.41 g, 4.40 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH₃ in THF (1.0 M, 11.0 mL, 2.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 15 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×75 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over NgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 9.0 mL, 2.0 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (30 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×10 mL). Water (20 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated to give 610 mg (43%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-y) propyl]}carboxamido-6-Methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine hydrochloride hydrate (82).

[0671] This compound was prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (234 mg, 0.721 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2×40 mL), dried over NgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-NH in MeOH (0.77 M) 90:13) to afford 209 mg (55%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (200 mg, 0.310 ′mol) in CH₂Cl2 (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.60 mL, 1.9 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CHCl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 150 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 183-184° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₃N₅O₅.HCl.11.25 H₂O: C, 63.78; H, 6.73; N, 10.05. Found: C, 63.80; H, 6.81; N, 9.72.

EXAMPLE 83

[0672] 3-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile.

[0673] Acrylonitrile (2.33 mL, 35.4 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (3.00 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in EtOH (30 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed to give 3.71 g (99%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used without purification for the next reaction.

[0674] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.

[0675] To a stirred solution of 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile (3.51 g, 13.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) it anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.0 M, 46.4 mL, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 30 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×150 mL)). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 27.7 mL, 2.1 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (60 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×20 mL). Water (40 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×80 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 3.10 g (87%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0676] 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride (83).

[0677] This compound was prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (194 mg, 0.722 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2×40 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (Sio₂′ MeOH-EtOAc 1:3) to afford 71 mg (22%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (56 mg, 0.10 mmol) in CH₂Cl2 (3 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0×, 0.20 mL, 2.0 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and added dropwise to ether (20 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 57 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 178-179° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₆N₅O₅.HCl.1.6 CH₂Cl₂: C, 52.79; H, 5.64; N, 9.74. Found: C, 52.70; H, 5.89; N, 10.10.

EXAMPLE 84

[0678] 3-(4-Benzylpiperidin-1-yl) propionitrile.

[0679] Acrylonitrile (9.37 mL, 142 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 4-benzylpiperidine (10.0 mL, 56.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in EtOH (60 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed to give 12.98 g (99%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used without purification for the next reaction. 1-(3-6Ainopropyl)-4-bousylpiperidins. To a stirred solution of 3-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (8.20 go 35.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH₃ in THF (1. 0 N, 126 mLa, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours, then cooled to room temperature and concentrated to a volume of about 30 mL. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 80 mL) was added and stirring was continued f or 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by. addition of 6 N ag. NaOH and extracted with C!c₂(3 x 150 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over NgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mLa) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 N, 75 InL, 2.1 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (60 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×30 mL). Water (40 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 N NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×80 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over NgsO₄ and concentrated to give 7.59 g (91%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxamido-3-(N-E[3-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-y1) propyl]}-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrohloride hydrate etherate (84). This compound was prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous C;Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-ethyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-benzylpiperidine (181 mg, 0.779 mmol, 1.29 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (3×40 mL) and concentrated. A solution of the residue in EtOAc (100 mL) was extracted with 0.1 M aqueous HCl (2×100 mL) and the organic layer was discarded. The combined HCl solutions were basif ied to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. A solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (20 mL) to afford, after filtration, 195 mg (60%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (183, 0.335 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mli) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.65 mL, 1.9 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 190 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 163-164° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C3lH₃9N₅O₄HCl.H₂O.0.35 C₄H₁₀O: C, 62.14; H, 7.32; N, 11.18. Found: C, 62.15; H, 7.32; N, 11.11.

EXAMPLE 85

[0680] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4,4-dicyclohwylpiperidine.

[0681] A solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (1.01 g, 3.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in denatured EtOH (50 mL, 5% isopropanol) was stirred at 120-130 QC in the presence of 10% Pd on activated carbon (1.00 g, Aldrich) and hydrogen at 440 psi for 15 hours. The catalyst was filtered out by use of Celite and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and MeOH (150 mL). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 8.7 mmol, 2.5 equiv). The solvents were removed again and the residue was recrystallized from hot EtOH-ether (1:2). The white solid obtained from filtration of this mixture was taken up in water (40 mL), which was basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 N NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×75 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated to afford 650 mg of colorless oil (61%), which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4,4-dicyclohexylpiperidin-1-yl)-propyl]}carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate etherate (85). This compound was prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-dicyclohexylpiperidine (181 mg, 0.779 mmol, 1.29 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (3×40 mL) and concentrated. A solution of the residue in EtOAc (100 mL) was extracted with 0.1 M aqueous HCl (2×100 mL) and the organic layer was discarded. The combined HCl solutions were basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH and extracted with C;Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. A solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (20 mL) to afford, after filtration, 242 mg (65%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (290, 0.470 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.80 mL, 1.7 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 293 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 185-186° C.; Anal. Calcd. for CH₃N₅O₄,HCl 0.75 H₂O-0.35 C₄H₁ ₀: C, 64.55; H, 8.33; N, 10.06. Found: C, 64.49; H, 8.62; N, 9.87.

EXAMPLE 86

[0682] 4-Cyolohexylpiperidine.

[0683] A solution of 4-phenylpyridine hydrochloride (4.50 g, 29.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in denatured EtOH (100 mL, 5% isopropanol) was stirred at 110-120° C. in the presence of 10% Pd on activated carbon (4.50 g, Aldrich) and hydrogen at 440 psi for 24 hours. The catalyst was filtered out by use of Celite and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and MeOH (150 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to give 5.32 g (90%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically as 4-cyclohexylpiperidine hydrochloride. This white solid was taken up in water (150 mL), which was basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 N NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×200 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford 4.27 g of white solid (88%), which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-(4-Cyclohexylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile. Acrylonitrile (4.16 mL, 63.1 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 4-cyclohexylpiperidine (4.20 g, 25.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH (50 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed to give 5.11 g (92%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used without purification for the next reaction. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-cyclohexylpiperidino. To a stirred solution of 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile 5.11 g, 23.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.0 M, 82 mL, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours, then cooled to room temperature and concentrated to a volume of about 30 mL. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 55 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aq. NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 58 mL, 2.5 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (40 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×20 mL). Water (40 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×80 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated to give 4.63 g (88%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0684] 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-cyclohexylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2-ethyl-1.4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (86).

[0685] This compound was prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-cyclohexylpiperidine (175 mg, 0.780 mmol, 1.29 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was injected and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (3×40 mL) and concentrated. A solution of the residue in EtOAc (100 mL) was extracted with 0.1 M aqueous HCl (2×100 mL) and the organic layer was discarded. The combined HCl solutions were basified to pH 10 by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined CH Cl₂ solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. A solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (20 mL) to afford, after filtration, 203 mg (63%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (257, 0.478 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.90 mL, 1.9 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 260 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 167-168° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₄₃N₅O₄.HCl.0.75 H₂O: C, 61.32; H, 7.80; N, 11.92. Found: C, 61.16; H, 8.06; N, 11.54.

EXAMPLE 87

[0686] 3-[N-(3-Bromopropyl)]carboxamido-5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine.

[0687] This compound is prepared according to Method B. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) is added to a mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (174 mg, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (81 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting solution is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. To this solution is added a CH₂Cl₂ solution (10 mL) of 3-bromopropylamine, which is generated from 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (172 mg, 0.785 mmol, 1.30 equiv) by stirring for 10 minutes over solid K₂CO₃ followed by filtration. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Methylene chloride (150 mL) is added and the organic phase is washed with 0.1 M aqueous HCl (3×40 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. A solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) is added dropwise into ether (20 mL). The solid product is obtained by filtration and characterized spectroscopically.

[0688] 3-{N-[3-(4-Acetyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (87).

[0689] A suspension of 4-acetyl-4-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (63.7 mg, 0.266 mmol, 1.20 equiv), 3-[N-(3-bromopropyl)]carboxamido-5-carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (100 mg, 0.222 mmol, 1.00 equiv), potassium carbonate (92.0 mg, 0.666 mmol, 3.00 equiv), and potassium iodide (18.4 mg, 0.111 mmol, 0.50 equiv) in acetone (1.1 mL) is stirred at reflux under argon for 15 hours. The mixture is cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue is diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and extracted with 0.1 M aqueous HCl (3×30 mL). The combined aqueous solutions are basified by addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH and extracted with C′Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ solutions are dried over MgSO, and concentrated to afford the product, which is purified by flash chromatography and characterized spectroscopically.

EXAMPLE 88

[0690] 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid.

[0691] A mixture of 2.15 g of 5-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (3.08 mmol) and 0.510 g of 10% Pd/C in 50 mL of methanol was hydrogenated using a balloon method for 6 h, filtered through Celite 545, and the residue was washed with methanol (4×30 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated to give 1.76 g (96%) of yellow solid, which was used in the next step without any further purification.

[0692] 2-Ethyl-i,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-(O-methylhydroxamyl) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-{N- [3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine dihydrochloride salt (88).

[0693] This compound was prepared according to Method D. A mixture of 173 mg of 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.284 mmol), 38.2 mg of DMAP (0.312 mmol), and 87.9 mg of DCC (0.426 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (71.2 mg, 0.852 mmol) and 45.2 mg of sodium carbonate (0.426 mmol) were added and stirring was continued for 4 days. The mixture was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in 50 mL of ethyl acetate. This solution was washed with 30 mL of saturated sodium bicarbontate solution, dried (Na₂CO₃), and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 5% (0.5 L), 10% (0.5 L), 15% (0.5 L), 20% (1 L), and 25% (1 L) to give 20 mg (11%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. A solution of this free base (20 mg) in 0.5 mL of dichloromethane was added to 1 M HCl in ether (2 mL). The precipitate was collected, washed with 5 mL of ether, and dried: mp 196-200° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₃N₅O₅.HCl.0.9 CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.64; H, 6.15; N, 9.33. Found: C, 60.89; HI 5.63; Ns 9.30.

EXAMPLE 89

[0694] 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0695] A stirred solution of 2.02 g of diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate (10.0 mmol), 1.15 g of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (10.0 mmol), and 1.51 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (10.0 mmol) in 100 mL of isopropanol was heated at reflux temperature for 3 days, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 5% EtOAc-hexanes. The column was eluted with 5% to 50% EtOAc-hexanes (5% change/500 mL) to afford 2.71 g of yellow viscous oil: Anal. Calcd for C₂₁ N₂0₈: C, 58.23; H, 5.59; N. 6.48. Found: C, 58.17; H, 5.76; N, 6.25.

[0696] 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-(N-(3-(4,4,-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)methylpyridine, fumarate salt (89).

[0697] A solution of 803 mg of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl) methyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (1.86 mmol) and 98 mg of NaOH (2.5 mmol) in 10 mL of 1:1 dioxane-water mixture were stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs, concentrated to a small volume, partitioned between water (10 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL), separated, and the aqueous layer was washed with ether (20 mL). The aqueous extract was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2-3), the precipitated oil was extracted with 20 mL of EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 750 mg of 3-(carboxy)methyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine 99.8%). The crude acid was used in the next step without any further purification. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (164 mg, 0.796 mmol) was added, in one portion, to a stirred solution of 354 mg of 3-(carboxy)methyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl) methyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine(0.875 mmol) and 225 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0,796 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 18 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was triturated with ether (10 mL), and the mixture was filtered. The solid was washed with ether (2 x 10 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude product was chromatographed on 150 g of silica packed with 10% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 10% to 25% MeOH-EtOAc (5% change/500 mL) to afford 273 mg of product: Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₄N₄O₇.0.5EtOAc: C, 67.91; H, 6.58; N, 8.12. Found: C, 67.88; H, 6.51; N, 8.13.

[0698] Fumarate Salt: A mixture of 51.0 mg of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-(N-(3-(4,4,-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) carboxamido)methylpyridine (0.0749 mmol) and 8.7 mg of fumaric acid (0.0749 mmol) in 2 mL of 1:1 acetone-water was heated to boiling until a homogeneous solution resulted. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 58.5 mg of yellow solid (98%): mp 134-137° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₄₃H₄₈N₄O₁₁: C, 64.81; H, 6.07; N, 7.03. Found: C, 64.61; H, 6.14; N, 6.91.

EXAMPLES 90 AND 91

[0699] 2-Chloromethyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0700] A stirred mixture of 1.64 g of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutyrate (10.0 mmol), 1.15 g of ethyl 3-aminocrotonate (10.0 mmol), and 1.51 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (10.0 mmol) in 100 mL of methanol was heated at reflux temperature for 18 hrs, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was initially chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with dichloromethane and eluted with dichloromethne to 5% EtOAc-dichloromethane (1% change/500 mL) to afford a yellow oily solid which was approximately 50% pure by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. This was rechromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with EtOAc-hexanes (1:4). The column was eluted with 600 mL of 1:4 EtOAc-hexanes and 1 L of 1:3 EtOAc-hexanes to afford 590 mg of the desired product (15%) as an oily yellow solid: The chromatographed product was used in the next alkylation step without any further characterization (unstable product, kept in the freezer).

[0701] 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-(N-(3-(4,4,-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) aino)methylpyridine, hydrochloride (90)

[0702] 1,4,7,7-Tetrahydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-5-ozo-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-6-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) ) propylpyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine, hydrochloride salt, (91).

[0703] A stirred solution of 93 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0.33 mmol), 118 mg of 5-methyl-2-chloromethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (0.299 mmol), and 182 mg of potassium carbonate (1.32 mmol) in 5 mL of dry DMF were stirred at room temperature for 6 days. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) was added, and the organic solution was washed with water (20 mL+2×10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-isopropyl amine-EtOAc (1:1:98). The column was eluted with MeOH-isopropyl amine-EtOAc (1:1:98 (0.5 L), 2:1:97 (0.5 L), 5:1;94 (2 L), 20:1:79 (2 L) to give 63 mg of the 3-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-2-(N-(3-(4,4,-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) amino)methylpyridine, hydrochloride (32%) and 16 mg of 1,4,7,7-Tetrahydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-6-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl))propylpyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridine, hydrochloride salt (9%).

[0704] Hydrochloride Salts:

[0705] The hydrochloride salts were prepared by dissolving the free bases in minimum amounts of ethyl acetate (0.5 mL) and addition of an excess of 1 M HCl in ether (1 mL). Compound 90 can exist as a monohydrochloride or as a dihydrochloride salt. The monohydrochloride salt is soluble in ethyl acetate and the dihydrochloride salt is not. The two can be separated by trituration of the crude product with ethyl acetate, in which case, the monohydrochloride can be found in the ethyl acetate extract.

[0706] 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-(N-(3-(4,4,-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)amino)methylpyridine, hydrochloride hydrate (90):

[0707] Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₄N₄O₇.HCl.H₂O: C, 63.71; H, 6.44; N, 7.62. Found: C, 63.75; H, 6.53; N, 7.19.

[0708] 3-Ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)amino)methylpyridine, dihydrochloride:

[0709] Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₄N₄O₇.2HCl:C, 62.15; H, 6.15; N, 7.43.

[0710] Found: C, 61.75; H. 6.16; N, 7.32.

[0711] 1,4,7,7-Tetrahydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-5-ozo-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-6-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)) propylpyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine, hydrochloride hydrate (91).

[0712] Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₈N₄O_(6.)HCl.HO: C, 64.48; H, 6.00; N, 8.13. Found: C, 64.05; H, 6.05; N, 8.53.

EXAMPLE 92

[0713] 1,4-Dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-1,2,6-trimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propoxy]carbonylpyridino hydrochloride hydrate (92).

[0714] Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 100 mg, 2.51 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was washed with anhydrous hexane under argon, and the washings were discarded. Tetrahydrofuran (11 mL) was added and the resulting suspension was cooled to 0° C. A solution of 1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propoxy]carbonylpyridine (510 mg, 0.840 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (4 mL) was added, followed by CH₃I (0.156 mL, 2.51 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The resulting orange suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours and then at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Water (10 mL) was added, the pH was adjusted to 9-10 by addition of 6 M aq. NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (4×20 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-hexane 1:1 to 1:0) to give 218 mg (42%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in EtOAc (5 mL) was added a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.38 mL, 1.1 equiv). The mixture was warmed to 50° C. until the solution was clear, then cooled slowly to O QC. Filtration afforded 64 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 127-128° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C_(37H) ₄₁N₃O₆,HCl.H₂O: C, 65.53; H, 6.54; N, 6.20. Found: C, 65.73 H, 6.34; N, 6.12.

EXAMPLE 93

[0715] (±)-1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-f[33-(4,04-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate ((t)-93).

[0716] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)acetoacetamide (365 mg, 0.964 mmol, 1.0 equiv), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (138 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 equiv, Aldrich), and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (181 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 equiv, Aldrich) in isopropanol (20 mL) was refluxed under argon for 60 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated, and the residue was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water, dried over MgSO., and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2, EtOAc, followed by EtOAc-MeOH 19:1 and 9:1) to give 147.8 mg (25%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in EtOH (2 mL) was added a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.24 mL, 1.0 equiv). Addition of ethyl acetate (3 mL) followed by heating gave a clear solution. Slow cooling of this solution, followed by filtration, gave 91 mg of yellow crystalline solid: m.p. 182-183° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 65.20; H, 6.54; N, 8.45. Found: C, 65.30; H, 6.28; N, 8.15.

[0717] (−)- and (+)-93 hydrochloride hydrate.

[0718] The enantiomers of 93.HCl.H₂O were separated on a chiral HPLC column as follows. Four injections of (±)-93-HCl.H₂O (ca. 22.5 mg per injection in EtOH solution) were made onto a Chiralpak AS column (20×250 mm, Daicel), which was eluted with EtOH-hexane-diethylamine (30:70:0.05) at a flowrate of 8.0 mL/min with UV detection at 300 nm. The first major peak to elute (retention time 8.68 min) was further purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂—MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ 12:88). To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.25 mL). After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (6 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 18.6 mg of yellow powder: [α]_(D)=−30.40 (CH₂Cl₂, 0.000745 g/mL); m.p. 176° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 65.20; H, 6.54; N, 8.45. Found: C, 65.36; H, 6.46; N, 8.42. The second major peak to elute from the chiral column (retention time 14.14 min) was reinjected into the chiral column, collected, and converted to the HCl salt and precipitated as described for the (−)- enantiomer to afford 8.5 mg of yellow powder: (α)_(D)+26.60 (CH₂Cl₂₁ 0.001033 g/mL); m.p. 182° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅.HCl.H₂O: C, 65.20; H, 6.54; N, 8.45. Found: C, 65.51; H, 6.42; N, 8.36.

EXAMPLE 94

[0719] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-13-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propoxy]carbonylpyridine hydrochloride (94).

[0720] This compound was prepared according to Method A. A solution of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (265 mg, 2.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (348 mg, 2.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv), and acetoacetic acid 3-[4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ester (872 mg, 2.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in isopropanol was refluxed under argon with stirring for 68 hours. Cooling and removal of solvent gave a residue, which was purified by flash chromatography (Sio₂, EtOAc-hexane 1:1 and 1:2 followed by EtOAc) to afford 717 mg (51%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (710 mg, 1.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (5 mL) was added a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol, 1.3 equiv). The solvents were removed and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂. This solution was added dropwise to 25 mL of ether to afford, after filtration, 500 mg of yellow crystalline solid: m.p. 152-153° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₃,N₃O₆.HCl: C, 66.92; H, 6.24; N, 6.50. Found: C, 66.70; H, 5.99; N, 6.27.

EXAMPLE 95

[0721] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0722] A solution of 3-aminocrotonamide (6.028 g, 60.21 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (6.066 g, 40.14 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (6.227 g, 40.14 mmol) in 125 mL of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give a brown oil. This brown oil was dissolved in 250 mL of CHCl₃ (with addition of a small amount of acetone to give a homogeneous solution), washed with water (2×100 mL) and dried over Na₂SO. After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved into 200 mL of MeOH and treated with 100 mL 2N KOH solution at 0° C. for 30 min. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was diluted with 100 mL of water and washed with EtOAc (2×100 mL). With stirring, the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 1 by addition of 6 N hydrochloric acid. The yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 mL of cold water and dried in vacuo to afford 5.877 g (46.1% yield for two steps) of yellow powder. 3-(4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile. To a solution of 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (3.11 g, 17.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH (30 mL) was added acrylonitrile (2.89 mL, 43.8 mmol, 2.50 equiv) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours and then concentrated to afford 3.71 g (92%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine. To a solution of 3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (3.71 g, 16.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF (15 mL) at room temperature was added boranetetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 M in THF, 56.3 mL, 56.3 mmol, 3.50 equiv) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 85 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 50-70° C for 2 hours. The mixture was basified to pH 9-10 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (75 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×75 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO. and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (75 mL) was added HCl in Et₂O (1.0 M, 38 mL, 2.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was triturated with Et₂O (185 mL). The resulting white solid was collected by filtration and washed with Et20. Water (50 mL) was added to this solid, and the mixture was basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl2 (150 mL +2×75 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated to give 3.12 g (83%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. s-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylcarboxamido]}-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (95). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (181.3 mg, 0.946 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (84.7 mg, 0.690 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (177 mg, 0.756 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CHCl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 14 hours. Anhydrous DMF (8 mL) was injected, and the resulting clear solution was refluxed for an additional hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with C;Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:9:7) to afford 145 mg (43%) of 95 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.5 mL, 1.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 130 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 159° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C29H₃₅N₅O₅.HCl1-.9 H₂O: C, 57.64; H, 6.64; N, 11.59. Found: C, 57.50; H, 6.65; N, 11.58.

EXAMPLE 96

[0723] 4-Acetyl-1-C3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0724] 4-Acetyl-4-phenylpiperidine (1.53 g, 7.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (1.64 g, 7.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.24 g, 9.00 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were stirred in refluxing 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) for 12 hours. After removal of dioxane, water (50 mL) was added and the pH was adjusted to 11-12 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL +3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc-MeOH-Et₃N 100:40:20) to give 780 mg (40%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-{N- [3-(4-Acetyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride sesquihydrate (96). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (181.3 mg, 0.946 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (84.7 mg, 0.690 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 4-acetyl-1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (197 mg, 0.756 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (sio₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 90:8:5) to afford 220 mg (62%) of 96 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.5 mL, 1.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 190 mg of 96 hydrochloride sesquihydrate (yellow solid): m.p. 177° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C3,H37N,05.HCl-1.5 H20-0.1 Et₂O: C, 59.79; H, 6.71; N, 11.10. Found: C, 59.86; H, 6.73; N, 10.88.

EXAMPLE 97

[0725] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidins.

[0726] 4-Cyano-4-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (5.01 g, 22.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) was added to water (100 mL), and the solution was basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. To the residue were added 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (4.92 g, 22.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich), anhydrous K₂CO₃ (3.42 g, 24.8 mmol, 1.10 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 24 hours under a CaSO. drying tube. The solvent was removed, and the product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHC′₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:8:4 to 100:20:8) to give 3.23 g (59%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. (t)-5-Carboxamido-3-{N- [3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxuaido-1,4-dihydro-2 g6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride sesquihydrate (97). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (181.3 mg, 0.946 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (84.7 mg, 0.690 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine (184 mg, 0.756 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-NeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:4:2) to afford 220 mg (64%) of 97 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (210 mg, 0.387 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.5 mL, 1.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 200 mg of 97 hydrochloride sesquihydrate (yellow solid): m.p. 182° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃N6HCl.H₂O: C, 59.45; H, 6.32; N, 13.87. Found: C, 59.35; H, 6.15; N, 13.76.

[0727] (−)- and (+)-97 hydrochloride hydrate. The enantiomers of 3 free base (700 mg) were separated in seven injections on a Chiralpak AS column (20×250 mm, Daicel), which was eluted with EtOH-hexane 20:80 at 9.0 mL/min with UV detection at 300 nm. The first major peak eluted at 27 min. To a solution of this product ([α]_(D)=+29.9° (MeOH, 0.01395 g/mL)) in EtOH (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.50 mL) at 0° C. After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in EtOH (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (50 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 282.1 mg of yellow powder: [(a] =-45.00 (MeOH, 0.0119 g/mL); m.p. 199° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for CoH3N604.HCl-2.15 H20: C, 58.32; H, 6.41; N, 13.60. Found: C, 58.49; H, 6.22; N, 13.31. The second major component eluted at 43 min ([a]) =-28.70 (MeOH, 0.02005 g/mL)). This product was converted to the HCl salt and precipitated as described for the other enantiomer to afford 272.9 mg of yellow powder: [a3₀=+45.30 (MeOH, 0.01085 g/mL); m.p. 199° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C3H4N604′HCl-2.15 H₂O: C, 58.32; H, 6.41; N, 13.60. Found: C, 58.16; H, 6.21; N, 13.39.

EXAMPLE 98

[0728] 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine. 4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (5.00 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) was added to a suspension of AlCd₃ (18.8 g, 141 mmol, 5.00 equiv) in anhydrous anisole (100 mL).

[0729] The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then heated to 50° C for 3.5 hours. It was cooled to room temperature and poured cautiously into ice-water. The mixture was basified to pH 11 by addition of 6 M aqueous NaOH, and extracted with EtOAc (3×75 mL). The combined organic solutions were applied directly to a flash chromatography column, which was eluted with CH₂Cl₂-NH₃ in MeOH (0.67 M), 4:1 to afford 1.683 g (22%) of light yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-[4-(4-Xethoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile. Acrylonitrile (1.03 mL, 15.7 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (1.68 g, 6.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH (20 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (Sio₂, EtOAc-CHCl₃ 1:3) to give 1.41 g (70%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aninopropyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin. To a stirred solution of 3-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile (1.41 g, 4.40 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.0 X, 11.0 mL, 2.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 15 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 x 75 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1. 0 M, 9. 0 mL, 2.0 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (30 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×10 mL). Water (20 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 610 mg (43%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxnido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N- [3-(4-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiporidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxaido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride (98). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (181.3 mg, 0.946 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (84.7 mg, 0.690 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂C′₂ (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (245 mg, 0.755 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:4:2) to afford 275 mg (70%) of 98 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.8 mL, 1.8 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 225 mg of 98 hydrochloride (yellow solid): m.p. 185° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C3H₄₁N₅0,-HCl-0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C, 62.98; H, 6.21; N, 10.09. Found: C, 63.02; H, 6.40; N, 9.76.

EXAMPLE 99

[0730] 1-Benzyl-4-methyl-piperidin-4-ol.

[0731] To a solution of 1-benzyl-4-piperidone (5.00 mL, 27.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in anhydrous ether at —78° C. under argon was added methyllithium (1.4 M in Et₂O, 54.0 mL, 53.9 mmol, 2.00 equiv). Stirring was continued at −78° C. for 1.5 hours. Ether (200 mL) and water (40 mL) were added, and the two phases were separated. The aqueous solution was extracted with E8O (3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO., EtOAc to EtOAc-MeOH 9:1) to give 4.81 g (87%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-Benzyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiporidine. 1-Benzyl-4-methylpiperidin-4-ol (4.81 g, 23.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was added to a suspension of AlCl₃ (15.62 g, 117 mmol, 5.00 equiv) in benzene (100 mL) at room temperature under argon. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 24 hours, then cooled and poured cautiously into ice water (100 g of ice plus 50 mL of water). The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 11-12 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH at 0° C., and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2, hexane-Et₂O 19:1 to 9:1 followed by hexane-EtOAc 3:1) to give 3.23 g (52%) of brown oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 4-Xethyl-4-phenylpiperidino. Freshly prepared methanolic formic acid solution (4.4% by weight, 70 mL) was added to 1-benzyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine (3.23 g, 12.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv). To the resulting solution was added palladium on carbon (10% Pd, 2.00 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The solid was filtered out and washed with MeOH (30 mL), H20 (15 mL), C;Cl₂ (30 mL) and MeOH (15 mL). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in CCl₂ (50 mL) and H20 (10 mL). The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 11 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residual oil was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2.0 M in MeOH) 100:4:0 to 100:20:10) to afford 1.20 g of 1-benzyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine and 1.10 g (51%, 82% based on unrecovered starting. material) of 4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-Aminopropyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine. 4-Methyl-4-phenylpiperidine (1.00 g, 5.70 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (1.87 g, 8.55 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.97 g, 14.2 mmol, 2.5 equiv) were stirred in refluxing dioxane (20 mL) for 36 hours. After removal of the solvent, water (50 mL) was added and the pH was adjusted to 11-12 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL +3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (Si0₂₁ CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:20:10) to give 241 mg (18%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carbozaido-1,4-dihydro-2,6,-imethyl-3-{N- [3-(4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl])carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridin* hydrochloride hydrate (99). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (148 mg, 0.465 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (149 mg, 0.776 mmol, 1.67 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (69.5 mg, 0.569 mmol, 1.22 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 3-aminopropyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine (120 mg, 0.517 mmol, 1.11 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×35 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂° CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:3:1.5 to 100:4:2) to afford 135 mg (54%) of 99 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (132 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.5 mL, 2.0 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in -CCl₂ (4 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 110 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 178° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for CA′?N,04′HCl-1.4 H20: C, 60.73; H, 6.93; N, 11.80. Found: C, 60.76; H, 6.96; N, 11.70.

EXAMPLE 100

[0732] 6-Ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H,4H-1,3-diozin-4-one.

[0733] To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4,6-dione 1 (40.4 g, 280 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in anhydrous CH₂Cl2 (300 mL) at 0° C under argon was added propionyl chloride (26.7 mL, 308 mmol, 1.10 equiv) followed by pyridine (45.3 mL, 560 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and then at room temperature for 5 hours. The organic solution was washed with 1 N aqueous HCl (2×100 mL) and water (3×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 32 g of 2,2-dimethyl-5-propanoyl-1,3-dioxan-4,6-dione as a purple solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. A solution of this solid and acetone (10.3 mL, 140 mmol, 0.50 equiv) in toluene (300 mL) was stirred at reflux under argon for 1.5 hours. After removal of the solvents, the residue was distilled at reduced pressure to afford 15.0 g (34%) of colorless oil (b.p. 85-87° C./0.5 mm Hg), which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-Anino-2-pentenamide. Anhydrous ammonia gas was passed into a solution of 6-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H,4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (15.1 g, 96.7 mmol) in p-xylene (240 mL) at 115° C. (bath temperature) for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCL₃ (145 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to afford 10.05 g (91%) of light yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next step without purification. 2-Cyanoethyl 3-oxopentanoate. A solution of ethyl propionylacetate (50 g, 0.35 mol, 1.0 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (35 mL, 0.52 mol, 1.5 equiv) was heated at 190-210° C while EtOH (19 mL) was collected by distillation. The residue was distilled in vacuo to afford 37 g (63%) of yellow oil (b.p. 120-125° C./0.4 mm Hg), which was characterized spectroscopically. 2-Cyanoethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl)methyleno-3-ozopentanoate. In a dry flask, a mixture of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (12.7 g, 84.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 2-cyanoethyl 3-oxopentanoate (15.0 g, 88.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv), piperidine (0.44 mL, 4.4 mmol, 0.05 equiv) and acetic acid (0.25 mL, 4.4 mmol, 0.05 equiv) in 2-propanol (200 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 24 hours. The resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with cold 2-propanol (3×50 mL), and dried to afford 24.6 g (96%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carbozuido-3-(2-eyaweothoxy)carbonyl-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine. A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl)methyleno-3-oxopentanoate (24.2 g, 80.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 3-amino-2-pentenamide (10.1 g, 88.1 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in EtOH was stirred at reflux under argon for 14 hours. Removal of the solvent afforded 32.1 g (91% crude yield) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next step without purification. 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid. Aqueous NaOH (1 N, 204 1 mL, 204 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added slowly with stirring at −5° C. to a solution of 5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (27.1 g, 68.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in acetone (100 mL) and stirring was continued at −5-0° C. for 1 hour. Acetone was removed in vacuo at 10° C. The aqueous solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×150 mL) and CHCl₂ (2×100 mL), and the organic extracts were discarded. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2-3 by addition of 6 N aqueous HCl (ca. 340 mL) with stirring at −5-0° C., and stirring was continued for 30 minutes at 0° C. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (2×30 mL), and dried in vacuo at room temperature to give 22.1 g (94%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-(3-(4-hydrmqy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbozaiido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (100). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.724 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (208.2 mg, 1.086 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (92.3 mg, 0.796 mm6l, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine (203.6 mg, 0.870 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 14 hours. Anhydrous DMF (8 mL) was injected, and the resulting clear solution was refluxed for an additional hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.Cl (3×40 mL). The-organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:8:6) to afford 188 mg (46%) of 100 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.6 mL, 1.8 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 202 mg of 100 hydrochloride hydrate (yellow solid): m.p. 165° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for HC₁;₅OHCl 1.8 H₂: C, 59.05; HI 6.97; N, 11.11. Found: C, 58.98; H, 6.70; N, 11.09.

EXAMPLE 101

[0734] 3-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile.

[0735] Acrylonitrile (2.33 mL, 35.4 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added at 0° C. to a solution of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (3.00 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in EtOH (30 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed to give 3.71 g (99%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used without purification for the next reaction. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-(4-ahlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine. To a stirred solution of 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]propionitrile (3.51 g, 13.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of BH3 in THF (1.Q M, 46.4 mL, 3.5 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 30 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 hours at 55-60° C. The mixture was basified to pH 9 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 x 150 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and treated with HCl in ether (1.0 M, 27.7 mL, 2.1 equiv). The solvents were removed, ether (60 mL) was added, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with ether (2×20 mL). Water (40 mL) was added to the resulting white solid, the pH was adjusted to 10 with 1 M NaOH, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×80 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 3.10 g (87%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carbozaido-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N- [ 3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitroph-nyl)pyridin- hydrochloride hydrate (101). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.724 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (208.2 mg, 1.086 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (92.3 mg, 0.796 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (233.5 mg, 0.870 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂C′₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHC′₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 90:8:5) to afford 256 mg (59%) of 101 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.8 mL, 1.9 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CHCl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 224 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 164° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₈N₅O₅HCl 1.8 H₂O: C, 59.05; H, 6.97; N, 11.11. Found: C, 58.98; H, 6.70; N, 11.09.

EXAMPLE 102

[0736] 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-ly)propyl]carbozazido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (102).

[0737] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.00 g, 2.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (830 mg, 4.34 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (389.7 mg, 3.19 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CHCl₂ (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine (848 mg, 3.48 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.Cl (3×80 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:2:1 to 100:3:1.5) to afford 1.53 g (92%) of yellow solid (102), which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (1.51 g, 2.65 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CHCl₂ (10 mL) was added a solution of HCl in ether (1.0 M, 5.2 mL, 2.0 equiv) at room temperature. After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added dropwise with swirling to ether (50 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at 85° C. to afford 1.47 g of yellow powder: m.p. 210° C.; Anal. Calcd. for C₃ NO₄.HCl.1.2 H₂O: C, 61.13; H, 6.64; N, 13.37. Found: C, 61.02; H, 6.44; N, 13.12. (−)- and (+)-102 hydrochloride hydrate. The enantiomers of 102 free base (500 mg) were separated in four injections on a Chiralpak AS column (20×250 mm, Daicel), which was eluted with EtOH-hexane 15:85 at 9.0 mL/min with UV detection at 300 nm. The first major peak eluted at 43 min. To a solution of this product ([a], +13.10 (EtOH, 0.0233 g/mL)) in EtOH (10 mL) was added HCl. in ether (1.0 M, 0.36 mL) at 0° C. After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in EtOH (2 mL) was added dropwise into ether (50 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 153.6 mg of yellow powder: calD =-36.6° (EtOH, 0.00975 g/mL); m.p. 230° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀N₆O₄.HCl.1.57 H20: C, 60.49; H, 6.68; N, 13.23. Found: C, 60.19; H, 6.28; N, 13.01. The second major component eluted at 71 min ([a], =-17.4° (EtOH, 0.03155 g/mL)). This product was converted to the HCl salt and precipitated as described for the other enantiomer to afford 168.6 mg of yellow powder: [alo =+28.60 (EtOH, 0.0101 g/mL); m.p. 230° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₂H₃N₆O₄HCl1.57 H₂O: C, 60.49; H, 6.68; N, 13.23. Found: C, 60.25; H, 6.34; N, 12.92.

EXAMPLE 103

[0738] 4,4-bis-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperidine.

[0739] To a solution of AlC₃ (26.0 g, 0.195 mmol, 6.00 equiv) in anhydrous anisole (100 mL) at 0° C. under argon was added 4-piperidone hydrate hydrochloride (5.00 g, 32.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv). stirring was continued at 0° C. for 3 hours and then at room temperature for 12 hours. The mixture was added cautiously to ice water (100 g of ice plus 50 mL of water). The aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O (3×50 mL) and the combined organic solutions were concentrated. The resulting white solid was dissolved in water (100 mL). This solution was basified to pH 11-12 by addition of iN aqueous NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL +3 x 150 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford 9.38 g (97%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4,4-bis-(4-Rethoxyphenyl)piperidine. 4 ,4-bis-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperidine (9.01 g, 30.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (6.66 g, 30.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (5.02 g, 36.3 mmol, 1.20 equiv) were stirred in refluxing anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) for 12 hours. After removal of dioxane, water (200 mL) was added and the pH was adjusted to 11-12 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×200 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:20:10) to give 6.50 g of 4,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidine and 2.70 g (25%, 90% after correction for recovered starting material) of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (colorless oil), which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4,4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido}-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride (103). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.869 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (250.0 mg, 1.30 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (116.9 mg, 0.957 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (18 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4, 4-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (369.6 mg, 1.04 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (12 mL) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (180 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:4:2 to 100:5:2.5) to afford 535 mg (90%) of 103 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (520 mg, 0.760 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1. 5 mL, 2. 0 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (8 ML) and added dropwise to ether (50 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 465 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 175° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C39H4,N06-HCl-1.5 H₂O: C, 62.85; H, 6.90; N, 9.40. Found: C, 62.95; H, 6.80; N, 9.16.

EXAMPLE 104

[0740] 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperamine.

[0741] 4-Phenylpiperamine (5.00 g, 30.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (8.09 g, 37.0 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and potassium carbonate (8.51 g, 61.6 mmol, 2.00 equiv) were stirred in refluxing acetone (200 mL) and EtOH (40 mL) for 14 hours. After removal of the solvents, water (250 mL) was added and the pH was adjusted to 11-12 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×250 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH (2 M in MeOH) 100:10:5 to 100:20:10) to give 3.80 g (56%) of yellow oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carb auido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperamin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (104). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.724 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (208 mg, 1.09 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (97.2 mg, 0.796 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperamine (190 mg, 0.869 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:4:2) to afford 317 mg (80%) of 104 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (302 mg, 0.550 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 1.5 mL, 2.7 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 285 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 160° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₈N₆O₄.HCl.1.2 H₂O: C, 59.58; H, 6.90; N, 13.86. Found: C, 59.49; H, 6.74; N, 13.67.

EXAMPLE 105

[0742]8-(3-Aminopropyl)-1-phenyl-1₁ 3, 8-triazaspiro[4. S]decan-4-one. l-Phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (5.00 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (4.73 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (2.99 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv) were stirred in refluxing dioxane (70 mL) for 24 hours. After removal of the solvent, water (50 mL) was added and the pH was adjusted to 11-12 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL +3×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (siO₂, CHCL₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:20:10 to 100:24:12) to give 250 mg (4%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 5-Carboxauido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(I-phenyl-4-ozo-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.3]decan-8-yl)propyl]}carbozanidopyridine hydrochloride hydrate (105). A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.580 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (166 mg, 0.869 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (77.9 mg, 0.638 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 8-(3-aminopropyl)-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (200.7 mg, 0.696 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO. and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (sio₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:2:1 to 100:4:2) to afford 230 mg (65%) of 105 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (215, 0.349 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl_(z) (5 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.8 mL, 2.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and NeOH (1 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 165 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 187° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₃H₄₁N₇O₅.HCl.1.4 H₂O: C, 58.51; H, 6.67; N, 14.47. Found: C, 58.73; H, 6.80; N, 14.32.

EXAMPLE 106

[0743] 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-Methyl-4-phenyl piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine hydrochloride hydrate (106).

[0744] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (160 mg, 0.465 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (149 mg, 0.776 mmol, 1.67 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (69.5 mg, 0.569 mmol, 1.22 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 3-aminopropyl-4-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine (120 mg, 0.517 mmol, 1.11 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with C° Cl₂ (120 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×35 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:3:1.5 to 100:4:2) to afford 185 mg (71%) of 106 free base as a yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. To a solution of this product (i71 mg, 0.306 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) was added HCl in ether (1.0 M, 0.7 mL, 2.3 equiv). After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) and added dropwise to ether (30 mL) with swirling to give, after filtration, 155 mg of yellow solid: m.p. 166° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C3H₄₁N₅O.HCl.1.2 H₂O: C, 62.21; H, 7.24; N, 11.34. Found: C, 62.21; HI 7.46; N, 11.26.

EXAMPLE 107

[0745] Benzylpropionylacetate.

[0746] A mixture of ethylpropionyl acetate (50.0 g, 0.347 mol, 1.00 equiv) and benzyl alcohol (39.5 mL, 0.381 mol, 1.10 equiv) was stirred at 180-210° C. for ca. 3 hours while EtOH was collected by distillation (ca. 20 mL of EtOH was collected). The product was distilled (b.p. 115-120° C./0.4 mm Hg) to afford 54.8 g (76%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. Benzyl 3-amino-2-pontenoato. A mixture of benzylpropionylacetate (54.80 g, 265.7 mmol) and molecular sieves (14 g, 3A, Mallinckrodt) was stirred at 50° C. for 40 hours while NHE gas was bubbled through the solution. The product was decanted to give 55.5 g of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification. 3-Benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine. A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl)methyleno-3-oxopentanoate (9.80 g, 32.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and benzyl 3-amino-2-pentenoate (7.99 g, 38.9 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in EtOH (150 mL) was stirred at reflux for 36 hours. The solvent was removed to give 15.4 g (97%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for the next reaction without purification. 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid. A solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (3.84 g, 7.84 mmol) in methanolic formic acid solution (4.4% by weight, 10 mL) was added to a suspension of Pd on carbon (10%, 3.84 g) in methanolic formic acid solution (4.4% by weight, 90 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then filtered through Celite. After removal of the solvents, a solution of the residue in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was washed with 0.1 N aqueous HCl (15 mL) and water (15 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 2.95 g (94%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically and used for subsequent reactions without purification. S-(2-Cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(M-Methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine. A mixture of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (3.70 g, 9.26 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.66 g, 13.9 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.24 g, 10.2 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. Aqueous methylamine (40% by weight, 1.60 mL, 18.5 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was injected, and stirring was continued for 20 hours. The resulting solution was washed with 0.1 N HCl (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH 100:2) to afford 3.51 g (92%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 2,E-Diethyl-1D4-dihydro-5-(N-zethyl)carboxamido-4-nitrophenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid. To a solution of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (3.25 g, 7.88 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in acetone (32 mL) was added 1 N aqueous NaOH (23.6 mL, 23.6 mmol, 3.00 equiv) at −5-0° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at this temperature. After removal of acetone in VCD at 10° C., the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (15 mL). The aqueous solution was cooled to 0° C. and adjusted to pH 3-4 by addition of 6 N aqueous HCl.The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (20 mL) and dried to afford 2.51 g (89%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl} carboxamido-5-N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (107). A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.558 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (160 mg, 0.837 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (75.0 mg, 0.614 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 3-aminopropyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (217 mg, 0.670 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 100:4:2) to afford 258 mg (69%) of yellow solid: m.p. 133° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₇N₅O₅ .0.25 CHCl ₃: C, 67.77; H, 6.85; N, 10.07. Found: C, 67.56; H, 7.04; N, 10.16.

EXAMPLE 108

[0747] 3-(4-methoxy-4-phenyl)piperidin-1-ylpropionitrile.

[0748] In a dry flask under argon, sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 520 mg, 13 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was washed with three times with hexane, and the washings were discarded. The reaction flask was cooled to 0° C.,-a solution of 3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenyl)piperidin-1-ylpropionitrile (1.0 g, 4.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Iodomethane (0.40 mL, 6.5 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added, and stirring was continued at 0° C. for 1 hour and at room temperature for 2 hours. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) and water (20 mL) were added cautiously. The aqueous phase was basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, hexane-EtOAc 2:1 to 1:1) to give 542 mg (51%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-methoxy-4-phenylpiperidine. Borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 N in THF, 7.4 mL, 7.4 ′mol, 3.5 equiv) was added under argon to neat 3-(4-methoxy-4-phenyl)piperidin-1-ylpropionitrile (512 mg, 2.10 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 hours and then cooled to 0° C. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 8 mL) was added cautiously, and stirring was continued at room temperature overnight, then at 42° C. for 1.5 hours. The solution was basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×60 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-NeOH-NH₃ (2.0 M in MeOH) to give 387 mg (75%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-Methoxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido}-5-(N-Methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (108). A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.558 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (160 mg, 0.837 0mol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (75.0 mg, 0.614 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 3-aminopropyl-4-methoxy-4-phenylpiperidine (166 mg, 0.670 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:3:1.5 to 100:4:2) to afford 230 mg (70%) of yellow solid: m.p. 240° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for CH₄)N505-0.2 CHCl₃: C, 64.99; H, 7.10; N, 11.41. Found: C, 64.94; H, 7.36; N, 11.26.

EXAMPLE 109

[0749] Diphenyl-4-piporidylethane-hydrochloride.

[0750] To a solution of diphenyl-4-pyridylmethane (2.00 g, 8.15 mmol, 1.00 equiv, Aldrich) in EtOH was added Rh on carbon (5%, 0.800 g). The suspension was stirred in a bomb under H₂ pressure (2.7 atm) at 55-60° C. for 7 hours. The catalyst was filtered out (Celite) and washed thoroughly with CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH. The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and treated with HCl in Et₂O (1.0 N, 10 mL). The solvents were removed and the residue was recrystallized from EtOAc-MeOH 1:2 to afford 0.96 g of white solid. This solid was added to water (30 mL), which was adjusted to pH 11 by addition of 1 N aqueous NaOH, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 0.81 g (39%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-(4-Diphenyliethylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile. To a solution of diphenyl-4-piperidylmethane (810 mg, 3.22 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH (5 mL) was added acrylonitrile (9.53 mL, 8.06 mmol, 2.50 equiv) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours and then concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc-hexane 9:1 to 2:1) to give 480 mg (49%) of white solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-dipheoylmethylpiperidine. Borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 M in THF, 5.5 mL, 5.5 mmol, 3.5 equiv) was added under argon to neat 3-(4-diphenylmethylpiperidin-1-yl)propionitrile (480 mg, 1.58 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 hours and then cooled to 0° C. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 6 mL) was added cautiously, and stirring was continued at room temperature overnight, then at 42° C for 1.5 hours. The solution was basified to pH 10-11 by addition of 6 N aqueous NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (Sio₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2.0 M in MeOH) to give 420 mg (86%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 1,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{-[13-(4-diphenylmethylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbozumidopyridine (109). A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.558 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (160 mg, 0.837 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (75.0 mg, 0.614 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-diphenylmethylpiperidine (206 mg, 0.670 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CHCl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH.CL (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:3:1.5 to 100:4:2) to afford 260 mg (72%) of yellow solid: m.p. 128° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀H47N₅S₅O₄.0.30 CHCl₃: C, 68.85; H, 6.95; N, 10.21 Found: C, 68.78; H, 7.13; N, 10.23.

EXAMPLE 110

[0751] 3-Aminopropyl-4-carboaER^(iv)do-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0752] 4-Carboxamido-4-phenylpiperidine (700 mg, 3.43 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (900 mg, 4.11 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.03 g, 7.45 mmol, 2.17 equiv) were stirred in refluxing dioxane (25 mL) for 24 hours. After removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 100:8:4 to 100:20:8) to give 135 mg (14%) of colorless oil, which was characterized spectroscopically. 3-(N-[3-(4-Carboxamido-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (110). A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (126 mg, 0.352 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (102 mg, 0.530 mmol, 1.51 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (48.0 mg, 0.393 mmol, 1.12 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-carboxamido-4-phenylpiperidine (92.0 mg, 0.352 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl₂(3×30 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH (2 M in MeOH) 100:6:3 to 100:8:4) to afford 81 mg (38%) of yellow solid: m.p. 124° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₃₃H₄₂N₆O₅.0.35 CHCl₃: C, 62.15; H, 6.62; N, 13.04 Found: C, 61.90; H, 7.00; N, 12.96.

EXAMPLE 111

[0753] 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine.

[0754] A mixture of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylicacid (2.50 g, 6.26 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.80 g, 9.38 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.841 g, 6.89 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1.5 hours. Aqueous ethylamine (70% by weight, 2.00 mL, 31.0 mmol, 4.95 equiv) was injected, and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 hours and then at room temperature for 12 hours. The resulting solution was washed with saturated aqueous NE3 (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃-MeOH-NH₃ (2.0 M in MeOH) 90:8:4) to afford 2.11 g (79%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically. 2g6-Diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxaaido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carbosylic acid. To a solution-of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (2.11 g, 4.95 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in acetone (20 mL) was added 1 N aqueous NaOH (14.8 mL, 14.8 mmol, 3.00 equiv) at −5-0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at this temperature. After removal of acetone in vacuo at 10° C., the aqueous solution was cooled to 0° C. and adjusted to pH 3-4 by addition of 6 N aqueous HCl.The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (20 mL) and dried to afford 1.09 g (59%) of yellow solid, which was characterized spectroscopically.

[0755] 2,6-Diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-(4-methoxy)phenyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (111).

[0756] A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.536 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (154 mg, 0.803 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (72.0 mg, 0.590 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1.5 hours. A solution of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidine (208.7 mg, 0.643 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was injected, and stirring was continued at reflux for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃—MeOH—NH₃ (2 M in MeOH) 90:8:4) to afford 220 mg (60%) of yellow solid: m.p. 172° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₉N₅O₅.0.8 CHCl₃: C, 63.20; H, 6.47; N, 9.03 Found: C, 63.23; H, 6.22; N, 9.11.

EXAMPLE 112

[0757] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-bis(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (112).

[0758] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl propionylacetate (1.00 g, 5.91 mmol), m-anisaldehyde (1.0 ml, d 1.119, 8.22 mmol) and 3-aminocrotonamide (0.89 g, 8.89 mmol) in EtOH (9 ml) was heated at reflux overnight. Then the solvent was evaporated to give an oily residue which was suspended in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (100 g). Elution with EtOAc/Hexane (1:2, 1:1 and 3:1) gave a yellow oil (336 mg). It was dissolved in EtOH (1.5 ml) and treated with NaOH (74 mg, 1.85 mmol) in water (1 ml). The solution was stirred at room temperature overnight and then washed twice with CH₂Cl₂. Acidification of the basic layer with 5% HCl gave a precipitate which was filtered off and washed with water and EtOAc to afford an off-white solid (118 mg, 6% yield).

[0759] This solid (114 mg, 0.34 mmol) was mixed with 1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (71 mg, 0.37 mmol), 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (108 mg, 0.37 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (catalytic amount) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (16 g) eluting with EtOAc/MeOH/EN (20:1:1) to give a colorless oil (72 mg, 44% yield). It was recrystallized from EtOAc/Hexane to afford a white solid (31 mg): mp 166-170° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₅₈H₆₉N₅O₃.1/2H₂O: C, 77.99; H, 7.90; N, 7.84. Found: C, 77.85; H, 8.01; N, 7.76.

EXAMPLE 113

[0760] 5-Carboxamide-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (113).

[0761] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl propionylacetate (1.00 g, 5.91 mmol), m-anisaldehyde (1.0 ml, d 1.119, 8.22 mmol) and 3-aminocrotonamide (0.89 g, 8.89 mmol) in EtOH (9 ml) was heated at reflux overnight. Then the solvent was evaporated to give an oily residue which was suspended in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (100 g). Elution with EtOAc/Hexane (1:2, 1:1 and 3:1) and EtOAc/MeOH (10:1) afforded an orange foam (0.782 g, 36% yield).

[0762] This foam (0.782 g, 2.12 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (3 ml) and stirred with NaOH (0.121 g 3.03 mmol) in water (2 ml) for 3 h. The solution was acidified with 5% HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×5 ml). The extract was washed with saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO.), filtered and concentrated to give a red gum (255 mg). It was dissolved in MeOH and flash chromatographed over silica gel (17 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/MeOH (5:5:1) to give a yellow oil (88 mg, 13% yield).

[0763] This oil (85 mg, 0.27 mmol) was suspended in dry CHCl₂ (5 ml) and treated with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (52 mg, 0.27 mmol), 3-(4,4-diphenyl-piperidin-1-yl)propylamine (79 mg, 0.27 mmol) and 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (2 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (17 g) eluting with EtOAc/MeOH/Et₃N (10:1:1) to give a pale yellow foam (55 mg, 35% yield). Recrystallization from EtOAc/Hexane afforded a white solid (21 mg): mp 120-123° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₄N₄O₃: C, 74.97; H, 7.48; N, 9.45. Found: C, 74.89; H, 7.61; N, 9.40.

EXAMPLE 114

[0764] 4-(4-Aminophenyl)-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (114).

[0765] A solution of 2-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)pyridine (135 mg, 0.22 mmol) in dry MeOH (4 ml) was treated with 10% Pd/C (20 mg) and hydrogenated at 1 atm overnight. Then more catalyst (20 mg) was added and hydrogenation was continued overnight. Filtration of the reaction mixture through Celite afforded a yellow oil. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (16 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/MeOH/Et₃N (40:20:3:3) to give a white foam (60 mg, 47% yield). The foam was dissolved in EtOAc/Hexane and treated with iN HCl in ether (0.3 ml). The solvent was then evaporated to afford a yellow solid: mp 169-172° C. (dec). Anal. Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₄N₄O₃.2HCl.1/2H₂O: C, 65.87; H, 7.02; N, 8.30. Found: C, 65.80; H, 7.17; N, 8.31.

EXAMPLE 115

[0766] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-4-dihydro-4-(4-methanesufonylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (115).

[0767] p-Methanesulfonyl-benzaldehyde (1.00 g, 5.43 mmol) was mixed with cyanoethyl acetoacetate (0.84 g, 5.41 mmol), acetic acid (16 ul, d 1.049, 0.28 mmol) and piperidine (27 ul, d 0.861, 0.27 mmol) in 2-propanol (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was replaced by EtOH (10 mL) which was then stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then heated at reflux for 4 h. 3-Aminocrotonamide (0.543 g, 5.42 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc/MeOH/Et₃N (20:1:1) and flash chromatographed over silica gel (105 g) eluting with the same solvent to give a yellow foam (369 mg, 17% yield).

[0768] The above foam (369 mg 0.91 mmol) was partially dissolved in EtOH (4 mL) and, with ice water bath cooling, treated with NaOH (56 mg, 1.4 mmol) in water (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and the EtOH was evaporated. The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ twice and then acidified with 2N HCl to afford a precipitate which was filtered off as a yellow solid (235 mg, 73% yield).

[0769] The above yellow solid (233 mg, 0.66 mmol) was mixed with 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)-propylamine (197 mg, 0.67 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (129 mg, 0.67 “mol), and 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (82 mg, 0.67 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) which was then heated at reflux for 7 h. More carbodiimide (63 mg, 0.33 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at reflux overnight. It was then diluted with CHCl₃, washed with water twice and saturated NH₄Cl thrice, dried (MgSo₄) filtered and concentrated to give a yellow oil (385 mg). This was dissolved in CHCl₃ and flash chromatographed over silica gel (20 g) eluting with EtOAc/MeOH/Et₃N (20:1:1 then 20:2:1) to afford a yellow foam (209 mg). Trituration with hot EtOAc gave a pale yellow solid (140 mg, 34% yield): mp 206-209“C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₂N₄O₄S.3/4H₂O: C,67.53; H, 6.85; N, 8.75. Found: C, 67.51; H, 6.90; N, 8.51.

EXAMPLE 116

[0770] 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (116).

[0771] p-Methanesulfonylbenzaldehyde (0.54 g, 2.93 mmol) was mixed with 2-cyanoethyl propionylacetate (0.50 g, 2.96 mmol), acetic acid (9 Al, d 1.049, 0.16 mmol) and piperidine (14 μl, d 0.861, 0.14 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL). The suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. A solution of 3-amino-2-propenamide (313 mg, 2.74 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was added and the mixture was heated at reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated to give a yellow oil which was dissolved in CHCl₃ and flash chromatographed over silica gel (70 g) eluting with EtOAc/Hexane/Et₃N (15:5:1 then 18:2:1) to afford a yellow foam (493 mg, 39% yield).

[0772] The above yellow foam (493 mg, 1.14 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (5 mL), cooled by an ice water bath, and treated with NaOH (74 mg, 1.85 mmol) in water (2 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then the EtOH was evaporated. The aqueous layer was diluted with water, washed twice with CH₂Cl₂, cooled by an ice water bath and acidified with 2N HCl.Filtration gave a pale yellow solid (329 mg, 76% yield): mp 137-140° C. (dec).

[0773] The above yellow solid (326 mg, 0.86 mmol) was mixed with 3-(4,4-diphenyl-piperidin-1-yl)-propylamine (254 mg, 0.86 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (254 mg, 1.32 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (105 mg, 0.86 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (12 mL) which was then heated at reflux overnight. CHCl₃ (6 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water (2×5 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×5 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a pale brown foam (605 mg). It was dissolved in CHCl₃ and flash chromatographed over silica gel (37 g) eluting with EtOAc/MeOH/Et₃N (20:1:1) to afford an off-white solid (338 mg, 60% yield). A portion (308 mg) was dissolved in EtOH and treated with fumaric acid (55 mg) in EtOH. The solvent was evaporated and the residue recrystallized from 2-propanol to give a hygroscopic pale yellow solid (217 mg). Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₆N₄O₄S.C₄H₄O₄.C₃H₈O.H₂O: C, 63.66; H, 7.12; N, 6.60. Found: C, 63.78; H, 7.01; N, 6.45.

EXAMPLE 117

[0774] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (117). A mixture of benzyl acetoacetate (0.9 mL, 5.20 mmol), m-anisaldehyde (0.63 mL, 5.20 mmol), 3-aminocrotoamide (521 mg, 5.20 ′mol) in 2-propanol (10 mL) was refluxed for 4 days. The solvent was removed and the solid residue was chromatographed (Flash silica; EtOAc:MeOH:2M NH₃ in MeOH =10:I:0.5) to give a solid which was chromatographed again (Flash silica, EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (643 mg, 32%). At room temperature a suspension of Pd/C (81 mg, 10%, 0.076 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was flushed with argon, then treated with a solution of the above yellow solid (287 mg, 0.731 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL). The resulting mixture was flushed with H2 then stirred under H-(balloon) for 3.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concetrated to afford a white solid (120 mg, 54%). A mixture of the above white solid (120.0 mg, 0.3969 mmol), 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (116.9 mg, 0.3969 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (85.4 mg, 0.446 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (cat) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 14 hrs. The reaction mixture was then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, dried, and concentrated. The resulting material was chromatographed (Flash silica, EtOAc:MeOH : 2M NH₃ in MeOH 10:1:0.5) to give a solid, which was recrystalized from CH₂Cl₂ and EtOAc to afford white crystals (40 mg, 17%) 157-3: m. p. 212.0-213.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₂N₄O₃: C, 74.71, H, 7.31, N, 9.68. Found: C, 74.49, H, 7.09, N, 9.45.

EXAMPLE 118

[0775] 3-Carboxamido-2-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxyamido)-pyridine (118). A mixture of benzyl acetoacetate (0.31 mL, 1.79 mol), 4-methylsulfonylbenzaldehyde (330 mg, 1.79 mmol), trans-3-amino-2-pentenamide (204 mg, 1.79 mmol) in 2-propanol (10 mL) was refluxed for 3 days. The solvent was removed and the liquid residue was chromatographed (Flash silica, EtOAc) to give a yellow solid (507 mg, 62%). At R.T. a suspension of Pd/C (1.117 g, 10%, 1.07 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was flushed with argon, then treated with a solution of the above yellow solid (500 mg, 1.10 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL). The resulting mixture was flushed with H₂ then stirred under H2 (balloon) for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concetrated to afford a yellow solid (220 mg, 69%). A mixture of this yellow solid (220 mg, 0.604 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (115 mg, 0.658 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (80.4 mg, 0.658 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was stirred at R.T. for 1 hr and then treated with 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (176 mg, 0.598 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 14 hrs and then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, dried, and concentrated. The resulting material was chromatographed (Flash silica, EtOAc:MeOH:2M NH₃ in MeOH =10:1:0.5) to give a solid, which was chromatographed again (Flash silica, EtOAc:MeOH =12: 1) to give a solid. The solid was recrystalized from EtOAc and Hex to afford white crystals (81 mg, 21%) 161-5: m. p. 182.0-183.0° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₄₄N₄O₄S.1/3H20: C, 68.70, H, 6.95, N, 8.66, S, 4.95. Found: C, 68.71, H, 6.97, N, 8.47, S, 5.19.

EXAMPLE 119

[0776] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-diiethyl-5-(N-Methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (119).

[0777] A suspension of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (5.00 g, 33.0 mmol), 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (5.13 g, 33.0 mmol), piperidine (140 mg, 1.65 mmol) and acetic acid (99 mg, 1.7 mmol) in 150 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. Reaction mixture was filtered, the solid collected was dried in air to give 2-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester as a white powder (6.08 g, 64%). A solution of 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (4.29 g, 14.9 mmol) and 3-amino-N-methylcrotonamide (2.55 g, 22.3 mmol) in 50 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of —CHCl₃ washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine was obtain as a yellow powder (7.96 g, 63%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (2.00 g, 5.20 mmol) in 40 ml acetone was treated with 40 ml iN KOH solution at 0° C. for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 1.53 g (89% yield) of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder. The solution of 1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (745 mg, 2.25 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(690 mg, 3.60 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (275 mg, 2.25 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (662 mg, 2.25 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (50 ml), sat'd NH₄Cl (3×50 ml),50 ml 10% K₂C0₃ and 100 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (1.06 g, 77.5%) was obtained. M.p. 124° C; Calcd. for C₃₆H41N504: C 71.14, H 6.80, N 11.52; Found: C 70.88, H 6.55, N 11.34. Part of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine was subjected to chiral chromatography and two enatiomers were separated, which were subsequentially hydrolysed and coupled with 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine to give enantiomers of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]} carboxamidopyridine:

[0778] (+)-isomer: [α]_(D)=+880 (c 0.35, CHCl₃) (−)-isomer: [a],20=-840 (c 0.33, CHCl₃)

EXAMPLE 120

[0779]5Cboxamido-2 2,-didithyl-,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitraphenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]} carboxanidapyridine (120). 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was prepared in the same method illustrated in Example 119. It was obtained as a yellow powder. The suspension of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (400 mg, 1.16 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(225 mg, 1.16 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension thus formed was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (310 mg, 1.05 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂′ the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 ml), 10 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂C′₂/Et₂o mixture. A yellowish powder (340 mg, 47.5 %) was obtained. M.p. 121-123° C; Calcd. for CH₄₃N₅0,: C 71.47, H 6.97, N 11.26; Found: C 71.24, H 6.69, N 10.97.

EXAMPLE 121

[0780] 5-Carboximido-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (121).

[0781] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (90 mg, 0.26 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(50 mg, 0.26 mmol) in 15 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (57 mg, 0.26 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 ml), 10 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂u MeOH: CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O mixture. A yellowish powder (86 mg, 61%) was obtained. M.p. 90-101° C.; Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₉N₅O₄.3/4H20: C 66.59, H 7.30, N 12.52; Found: C 66.89, H 6.92, N 12.30.

EXAMPLE 122

[0782] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-{- [2-(3-indolyl) ethyl]piperidin-4-yl}) carboxamido-1,6-diethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (122).

[0783] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (326 mg, 1.03 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (219 mg, 1.13 miol) in 25 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for I hr, to the suspension was added the solution of 1-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl]-4-aminopiperidine(250 mg, 1.03 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×20 ml), 20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O mixture. A yellowish powder (134 mg, 23.8%) was obtained. M.p. 135-138° C.; Calcd. for 034N60,1/2H₂O: C 65.32, H 6.39, N 15.23; Found: C 65.41, H 5.96, N 15.21.

EXAMPLE 123

[0784] 5-Carboxamido-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-1-[2-(3-indolyl) ethylpiperidin-4-yl]) carboxamide-4-(4-nitraphenyl)pyridino (123).

[0785] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (486 mg, 1.53 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (323 mg, 1.69 mmol) in 30 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension was added the solution of 1-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl]-4-aminopiperidine(373 mg, 1.53 mmol) in 3 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×20 ml), 20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl2/Et2O mixture. A yellowish powder (273 mg, 31.3%) was obtained. M.p. 130-135° C.; Calcd. for C,2H N₆O₄. 1/2H₂O: C 66.30, H 6.78, N 14.50; Found: C 66.49, H 6.75, N 14.26.

EXAMPLE 124

[0786] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-{3-[4-2-methoxyphenyl) piperadin-1-yl]propyl}) carboxamido-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridino (124).

[0787] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.47 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(91 mg, 0.47 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension was added the solution of 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(3-aminopropyl)piperamine (118 mg, 0.47 miol) in 3 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 ml), 10 ml 10% KCO₃ and 10 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH; in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂o mixture. A yellow-green powder (80 mg, 31%) was obtained. M.p. 95-100° C.; Calcd. for C₂₉;₆N₆0,: C 63.48, H 6.61, N 15.32; Found: C 63.20, H 6.64, N 15.03.

EXAMPLE 125

[0788] 5-Carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-{3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperamin-1-yl]propyl})carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (125).

[0789] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.43 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (83 mg, 0.43 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension was added the solution of 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(3-aminopropyl)piperamine(108 Mgt 0.43 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 ml), 10 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O mixture. A yellow-green powder (160 mg, 64.5%) was obtained. M.p. 90-95° C.; Calcd. for C₃₁H₄N₆O₅.1/2.H₂O: C 63.57, H 7.06, N 14.35; Found: C 64.00, H 7.02, N 13.99.

EXAMPLE 126

[0790] 3-(N-[3-(4-Cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-diethyl-5-(1-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (126).

[0791] The suspension of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.30 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (58 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the suspension was added the solutionof 3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (69 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (2×10 ml), 10 ml 10% K₂CO3 and 10 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂C′₂/Et₂O mixture. A yellowish powder (90 mg, 54%) was obtained. M.p. 110-115° C; Calcd. for C₁₁H3N₆0₄: C 66.88, H 6.52, N 15.10; Found: C 66.69, H 6.41, N 15.12.

EXAMPLE 127

[0792]5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-diisopropyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-1,3-[4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (127).

[0793] To 15 ml of boiling p-xylene was added a solution of 6-(2-propyl)-2,2-dimethyl-2H,4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (165 mg, 0.97 mmol) and 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (285 mg, 0.97 mmol) in 10 ml p-xylene dropwise in about 15 min., during which time, about 20 ml of xylene was distilled off through a condenser. Heating was continued for an additional 45 min. to distill most xylene. The remaining xylene was furthur removed by evaporation in vacuo. The product, isobutanoylacetic acid N-[3-14,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]amide, was used for the next reaction without further purification. The solution of 3-amino-4-methyl-2-pentenamide (135 mg, 1.06 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (146 mg, 0.97 mmol) and isobutanoylacetic acid N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]amide (394 mg, 0.96 mmol) in 20 ml of 2-propanol was refluxed for 72 hrs. After the solvent was removed, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH; in MeOH, 6:90:3) to give a yellowish oil, which was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂o mixture. 45 mg (7.1% yield) of yellowish powder was obtained. M.p. 76-80° C.; Calcd for C₃₉H₄₇N₅O₄.1/2H₂O: C 69.21, H 7.45, N 10.35; Found: C 68.98, H 7.18, N 10.54.

EXAMPLE 128

[0794] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiporidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (128).

[0795] A suspension of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (18.3 g, 0.118 mol), 2-cyanoethyl propionylacetate (20.0 g, 0.118 mol), piperidine (503 mg, 5.91 mmol) and acetic acid (355 mg, 5.91 mmol) in 230 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. Reaction mixture was filtered, the solid collected was dried in air to give 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene)-3-oxopentanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester as a white powder (31.7 g, 89%). A solution of 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxopentanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (14.72 g, 48.7 mmol) and benzyl 3-aminocrotonate (10.00 g, 48.7 mmol) in 150 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃ washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and removal of solvent, 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (23.0 g, 96%). The solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (6.30 g, 13.0 mmol) in 250 ml of 4.4%(w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 6.0 g) for 30 min., the reaction was quenched by addition of 100 ml of CHCl₃. The mixture was filtered and concentration of filtrate give a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with water and 1N HCl.After filtration and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (4.5 g, 87%). 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (2.50 g, 6.25 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(2.40 g, 12.5 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (760 mg, 6.25 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of methylamine (40% solution, 2.5 ml), the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was washed with water (100 ml), sat'd NH₄CL (3×50 ml),50 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 100 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO, and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder(2.30 g, 89%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (890 mg, 2.15 mmol) in 15 ml acetone was treated with 10 ml 1N KOH solution at 0° C. for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 510 mg (66% yield) of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellow powder. The solution of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (494 mg, 1.38 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(476 mg, 2.50 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (169 mg, 1.38 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (405 mg, 1.38 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), sat'd NH₄Cl (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (700 mg, 74%) was obtained. M.p. 123-126° C.; Calcd. for C>H,₅N₅0₄eH₂O: C 69.81, H 7.25, N 10.71; Found: C 69.79, H 7.05, N 10.74.

EXAMPLE 129

[0796] 2,6-Diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N- [ 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl ]}carboxamidopyridine (129).

[0797] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (350 mg, 0.90 mmol, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (260 mg, 13.5 mmol and 4-dimethyl-aminopyridine (110 mg, 0.90 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of ethylamine (0.22 ml, 70% aqueous solution), the nixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×10 ml), 20 ml 10% KCO₃ and 10 ml of brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (167 mg, 44%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (167 mg, 0.39 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 5 ml 1N KOH solution at 00 for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to ph-3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 118 mg (81% yield) of 2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder. The solution of 2,6-diethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (110 mg, 0.30 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(104 mg, 0.54 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (40 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (88 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), sat'd NHtU1 (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (115 mg, 49%) was obtained. M.p. 101-104° C.; Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₇N₅O₄. 3/4H₂O: C 70.62, H 7.37, N 10.56; Found: C 70.58, H 6.90, N 10.65.

EXAMPLE 130

[0798] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (130).

[0799] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (395 mg, 1.00 Spool), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (345 mg, 1.80 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (294 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), sat'd NH₂Cl₂(3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₂ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (552 mg, 82%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (500 mg, 0.82 mmol) in 15 ml acetone was treated with 8.0 ml 1N KOH solution at 0C for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to pH=4 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. 340 mg (75% yield) of product was obtained as a yellowish powder. M.p. 154-158 (dec) ° C; Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₀N_(3/4)H₂O: C 69.85, H 6.89, N 8.81; Found: C 69.82, H 6.70, N 8.88.

EXAMPLE 131

[0800] 5-(N-methyl) carboximido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (131).

[0801] A suspension of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (10.00 g, 66.2 mol), 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (10.27 g, 66.2 mol), piperidine (281 mg, 3.31 mmol) and acetic acid (198 mg, 3.31 mmol) in 250 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at r.t.- for 48 hrs. Reaction mixture was filtered, the solid collected and dried in air to give 2-cyanoethyl 2-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanate as a white powder (11.24 g, 59%). A solution of 2-cyanoethyl 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanate (15.06 g, 52.3 mmol) and benzyl 3-aminocrotonate (10.00 g, 52.3 mmol) in 150 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃ washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO. After filtration and removal of solvent, 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (23.4 g, 97%). The solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (3.24 g, 7.02 mmol) in 160ml of 4.4% (w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 3.24 g) for 30 min., the reaction was quenched by addition of 10 ml of CHCl₃. The mixture was filtered and concentration of filtrategive a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃, washed with water and 1N HCL. After drying and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (1.94 g, 75%) The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (500 mg, 1.35 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (532 mg, 2.69 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (164 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of ethylamine (434 mg, 70% aqueous solution), the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl₂ (3×25) ml, 25 ml of 10% aqueous K₂C0₃ and 30 ml of brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (529 mg 98%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (535 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 10 ml 1N KOH solution at O C for 45 min. The acetone was remived in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to ph=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (266 mg, 57%). The suspension of 5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (285 mg, 0.825 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(315 mg, 1.65 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (101 mg, 0.825 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (243 mg, 0.825 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), sat'd NH.CL (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂C0₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (Sio₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂C′₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (190 mg, 37%) was obtained. M.p. 104-108° C.; Calcd. for C37H₄₃N₅O₄: C 71.47, H 6.97, N 11.26; Found: C 71.21, H 6.88, N 11.27.

EXAMPLE 132

[0802] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl])}carboxamidopyridine (132).

[0803] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (395 mg, 1.00 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (345 mg, 1.80 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of isopropylamine (300 mg, 5.00 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×10 ml), 20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (345 mg, 80%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (300 mg, 0.69 mmol) in 15 ml acetone was treated with 5 ml 1N KOH solution at 0° for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to ph=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 220 mg (83% yield) of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder.

[0804] The suspension of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (210 mg, 0.55 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (210 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (70 mg, 0.60 mmol) in 20 ml of CHCl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (161 mg, 0.55 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), sat'd NH₄Cl (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCL₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CHCl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (212 mg, 58%) was obtained. M.p. 201° C (dec.); Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₉N₅O₄.1/2H₂O: C 71.40, H 7.49, N 10.41; Found: C 71.39, H 7.32, N 10.63.

EXAMPLE 133

[0805] 1,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiporidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-3-(N-propyl)carbozaiidopyridine (133).

[0806] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (395 mg, 1.00 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (345 mg, 1.80 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 Mg, 1.00 mmolin 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of propylamine (300 mg, 5.00 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), saturated aqueous NH4Cl (3×10 ml), 20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of brine. After drying with diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl)carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (420 mg, 95%).

[0807] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl)carboxamidopyridine (420 mg, 0.95 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 5 ml lN KOH solution at 00 for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 276 mg (75% yield) of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl) carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder.

[0808] The suspension of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl) carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.645 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (247 mg, 1.29 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (80 mg, 0.65 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (190 mg, 0.645 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), sat'd NH₄Cl (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiOzi MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (180 mg, 42%) was obtained. M.p. 120-123° C.; Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₉N₅O₄.H₂O: C 71.40, H 7.49, N 10.41; Found: C 71.14, H 7.21, N 10.51.

EXAMPLE 134

[0809] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-IN-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-3-(N-propyl)carboxzaidopyridine (134).

[0810] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (500 mg, 1.35 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylaminopyridine (164 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of propylamine (164 mg, 1.35 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×25 ml), 25 ml of 10% aqueous K₂C0₃ and 30 ml of brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl) carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (555 mg 100%.)

[0811] The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl)carboxamidopyridine (500 mg, 1.20 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 5 ml1N KOH solution at 0° C. for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was acidified to ph=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl)carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (275 mg, 64%).

[0812] The suspension of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-propyl) carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (240 mg, 0.582 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (223 mg, 1.16 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (71 mg, 0.58 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr, to the solution was added the solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (171 mg, 0.58 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂, the mixture was stirred at refluxing conditions overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), sat'd NH₂Cl₂ (3×20 ml),20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of sat'd brine. After drying with Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH; in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. A yellowish powder (190 mg, 51%) was obtained. M.p. 142-145° C.; Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O, H₂O: C 69.81, H 7.25, N 10.71; Found: C 70.12, H 6.85, N 11.01.

EXAMPLE 135

[0813] Ethyl 4-Methylazy-3-ozo-butanoate.

[0814] A mixture of 15.8 g of ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (96.2 mmol) and 3.39 g of methanol (106 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were added dropwise to a stirred suspension of 4.62 g of 60% NaH (in mineral oil), 1.60 g of NaI (9.62 mmol), and 3.10 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide (9.62 mmol) in 40 mL of THF at −30° C. over a period of 1.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 days. The reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C., quenched with 5 mL of methanol, and warmed to room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into 0.5 L of 10% HCl solution, extracted with 2×100 mL of EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was distilled. The fraction boiling at 65-70° C. (0.3 mm Hg) was collected and used in the next experiments after spectral characterization.

[0815] 3-(Benzyloxy) carbonyl-5-(2-eyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0816] A mixture of 3.28 g of ethyl 4-methoxy-3-oxo-butanoate (20.5 mmol) and 4.43 g of benzyl alcohol (41.0 mmol) were heated at 140-150 IC (10-15 mm Hg) for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with 20 mL of ethanol (denatured), 1.90 g of ammonium acetate (24.6 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled and 5.27 g of 2-cyanoethyl 2-(4-nitro)phenylmethyleno-3-oxopentanoate was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hrs, cooled, and solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 550 g of silica packed with 10% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with 20% (2 L), and 30% EtOAc-hexane (4 L) to give 3.08 g (30%) of the title compund as a yellow oil with solidified on standing. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0817] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0818] A suspension of 2.86 g of 3-(benzyloxy)carbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy) methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (5.66 “mol), 572 mg of 10% Pd/C, 70 mL of methanol, and 2.09 mL of formic acid were stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 30 mL of chloroform, filtered through a pad of Celite 545. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 250 g of silica packed with 30% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with 50% to 80% EtOAc-hexane (10% change/1 L) to give 1.33 g of the title compund (57%) as a yellow oily solid. Anal. Calc. for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₇: C, 57.83; H, 5.10; N, 10.12. Found: C, 57.78; H, 5.08; N, 9.99.

[0819] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methoxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine, Hemihydrate.

[0820] A solution of 433 mg of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.04 mmol), 401 mg of 1-(dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (DMAPECD) (2.09 mmol), and 153 mg of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (1.25 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was charged with 328 mg of N-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.25 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, and applied to 200 g of silica packed with 5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 10% to 20% MeOH-EtOAc (1 L/5% change) to afford 552 mg of the title compund (77%) as a yellow foamy solid: mp 120-125° C.; Anal. Calc. for C₄₀H₄₅N₅O₆. 0.5H₂O: C, 68.55; H, 6.62; N, 9.99. Found: C, 68.37; H, 6.26; N, 9.98.

EXAMPLE 136

[0821] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (136).

[0822] A solution of 40 mg of NaOH in 2 mL of water was added to 530 mg of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.766 mmol) in 10 mL of dioxane. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was partitioned between 20 mL of water (containing 200 mg of NaOH) and EtOAc (10 mL), separated, and the organic layer was extracted with 2×5 mL of water. The combined aguaous extracts were acidified (concentrated HCl, pH 3-4), and the precipitated oil was extracted with 3×10 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 472 mg (97%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 120-125° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₂N₄O₆.2H₂O: C, 65.86, H, 6.87; N, 8.30. Found: C, 65.52; H, 7.05; N, 7.89.

EXAMPLE 137

[0823] 5-Carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methylosy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine, Hemihydrate (137).

[0824] A mixture of 70.0 mg of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.110 mmol), 90.5 mg of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (0.435 mmol), and 16.0 mg of DMAP (0.132 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour followed by addition of 5 mL of concentrated ammonia. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 16 hours, cooled, filtered, dichloromethane was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in 5 mL of ethyl acetate (a small amount of dichloromethane was added to make the mixture homogeneous). The ethyl acetate solution was sequentially washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution (3×2 mL), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2 M in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:40). The column was eluted with the same solvent to give 21.0 mg of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 89° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calc. for C₃₇H₄₃N₅O₅.0.5H₂O: C, 68.72; H, 6.86; N, 10.85. Found: C, 68.40; H, 6.91; N, 10.41.

EXAMPLE 138

[0825] Ethyl 4-(2,2.2-trifluoroethyl)oxy-3-ozobutanoate.

[0826] A solution of 5.00 g of trifluoroethanol (50.0 mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF was added dropwise, over a period of 0.5 hr, to a stirred mixture of 4.00 g of 60% dispersion of NaH (100 mmol), 1.61 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide (5.0 mmol), and 830 mg of NaI (5.0 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF (water bath). The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 hrs, cooled to −30° C., and a solution of 8.23 g of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (50.0 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF was added dropwise, over a period of 15 min, to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. over a period of 2 hrs, and stirred at room temperature for 36 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 5 mL of ethanol, partioned between 100 mL of EtOAc and 100 mL of 10% aqueous HCl solution, separated, extracted with 2×40 mL of EtOAc, the combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with 5% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with 5 to 25% EtOAc-hexane (1 L/5% change) to afford 8.75 g (77%) of ethyl 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy-3-oxobutanoate as a slightly yellow oil. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0827] 2-Cyanoethyl 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy-3-ozobutanoate.

[0828] A mixture of 4.04 g of ethyl 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy-3-oxobutanoate (17.7 mmol) and 2.55 g of 3-hydroxypropionitrile (35.9 mmol) was heated at reflux temperature at a bath temperature of 135-150° C. at 10 torr for 6 hrs. The reflux condenser was replaced with a distillation head and the product was distilled under reduced pressure to give 4.26 g (96%) of the desired product as a viscous oil: bp 155-158° C. (1.5). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[0829] 5-Carboxamido-2-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0830] A mixture of 1.07 g of 2-cyanoethyl 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy-3-oxobutanoate (4.23 mmol) and 391 mg of ammonium acetate (5.08 mmol) in 5 mL of ethanol were heated at reflux temperature for 15 min, cooled, 2-(4-nitro)phenylmethylenoacetoacetamide (4.23 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4.5 hours, cooled, and a solution of 406 mg of NaOH (10.2 mmol) in 5 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL containing 300 mg of NaOH), separated, and the organic layer was extracted with 2×10 mL of water (each containing 150 mg of NaOH). The combined aqueous extracts were filtered, acidified to pH 2-3 with concentrated HCl, and the separated oil was extracted with 50 and then 2×20 mL of EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product crystallized upon trituration with ethyl acetate to give 450 mg of the title compound (26%) as a yellow crystalline solid: mp 184° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calc. for C₁7H₆N3F₃O₆: C, 49.16; H, 3.88; N, 10.12. Found: 48.81; H, 3.97; N, 9.80.

[0831] 5-Carboxamido-2-(2,2,2-trif luoroethyl)aoy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) )carboxamidopyridine (138). A mixture of 102 mg of 6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-.1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.230 mmol), 72.0 mg of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0.276 mmol), 119 mg of DCC (0.575 mmol), and 31.0 mg of DMAP (0.253 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were heated at reflux temperature for 3 hours, cooled, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of EtOAc, and sequentially washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (2×2 mL), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and directly applied to 200 g of silica packed with 2N NH; (in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:20). The column was eluted with the same solvent system to afford 140 mg of product as a yellow solid (87%): mp 89 IC (decomp.); Anal. Calc. for 37H4N₅F₃0₅: C, 64.24; H, 5.83; N, 10.12. Found: C, 63.90; H, 5.87; N, 9.66

EXAMPLE 139

[0832]2-Azidoethanol (s* scheme Xnfra:; 1): A mixture of 55.6 g of sodium azide (0.855 mol), and 81.4 g of bromoethanol (1) (0.649 mol), and 394 mg of sodium hydroxide (9.85 mmol) in 250 mL of water as stirred in a 61-64° C. bath for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was saturated with solid sodium sulfate, extracted with 250 mL and then 10 X 100 mL of EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), solvent removed in vacuo, redissolved in 250 mL of EtOAc, redried (MgSO₄), and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was distilled under reduced pressure to give 45.1 g of 2-azidoethanol (80%) as a colorless oil. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization: bp 40-450C (0.5 mmHg). t-Butyl 4-(2-Azidoethyl)oxy-3-ozobutanoato (V): (2-Azidoethyl)oxyacetio Acid (XXX): A solution of 50.0 g of 2-azidoethanol (574 mmol) in 100 mL of dry THF was added dropwise to a stirred (mechanical stirrer) suspension of 25.3 g of NaH (632 mmol), in 250 mL of dry THF over a period of 1 hour. The reaction mixture was charged with 18.5 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide (57.4 mmol) and 9.52 g of potassium iodide (57.4 mmol) in one portion. Finally, a solid addition funnel was used to add 73.6 g of sodium chloroacetate (632 mmol) to the reaction mixture. The resulting suspension was heated at reflux temperature for 20 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 200 mL of water (added dropwise with cooling), and the THF was removed in vacuo. The resulting basic solution was washed with dichloromethane (8×200 mL). The aqueous extract was acidified to pH=1 (concentrated HCl), saturated with solid NaCl, and extracted with 6×350 mL of dichloromethane. The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried overnight over Na₂SO₄, solvent removed in vacuo to give 45.6 g of III as a yellow oil (55%). The product was used in the next coupling experiment after spectral characterization. Carbonyldiimidazole (9.83 g, 60.6 mmol) and (2-azidoethoxy)acetic acid (II) (8.00 g, 55.1 mmol) in 100 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. A solution of 8.7 g of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (60.6 mmol, Meldrum's acid) and 4.4 g of dry pyridine (55.1 mmol) in 30 mL of dry dichloromethane were added to the reaction mixture, and stirred for 16 hrs at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with aqueous 2 N HCl solution (2×60 mL), water (2×40 mL), and brine (40 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give 15 g of the desired product (IV) (100%). TLC showed small amounts of Meldrum's acid in the crude product. The crude product was used in the next experiment without any further purification. A solution of 8.25 g of IV (30.4 mmol) in 20 mL of t-BuOH was heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated in vacuo (7.40 g), and the crude product was filtered through a pad of silica (eluted with EtOAc-hexane, 1:4) to give 6.11 g of t-butyl 4-(2-azidoethyl)oxy-3-oxobutanoate (V) (83%). This product was spectroscopically pure, and was used in the next experiment without any further purification or characterization.

[0833] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-eyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6--thyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine. A mixture of 1.00 g of t-butyl 4-(2-azidoethoxy)-3-oxopentanoate (4.10 mmol) and concentrated ammonia (0.800 g, 24.6 mmol) in 1.5 mL of t-BUOH was stirred at room temperature 17 hours. The solvent was remove in vacuo to a give a yellow viscous oil which was used in the next step after spectral characterization. A mixture of the resulting enamide, and 0.850 g of 2-cyanoethyl 2-(4-nitro)phenylmethyleno-3-oxopentanoate in 15 mL of t-BuOH was heated at reflux temperature for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude prodduct was chromatographed on silica (EtOAc-hexane, 1:3) to give 836 mg of the title compund (56%) as a yellow viscous oil: Anal. Calc. for C2wN₆O,: C, 57.02; H, 5.25; N, 15.95. Found: C, 56.77; H, 5.67; N, 15.69. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimthylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid. A solution of 91 mg of sodium hydroxide (2.3 mmol) in 7.5 mL of water was added to a solution of 800 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (1.52 mmol) in 7.5 mL of dioxane. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture was washed with ether (10 mL), and the ether extract was back-washed with-water (basic at pH=9-10). The combined aqueous extracts were acidified (pH=4), and the precipitated solid was collected to give the desired acid as a yellow solid (600 mg, 83%): mp 170-173° C.; Anal. Calc. for C₂H₂2H₅₇: C, 55.80; H, 5.76; N, 14.78. Found: C, 2-((2-Azidoethyl) oxy)R thyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (139). A mixture of 300 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.634 mmol), 182 mg of DMAPECD, and 93 mg of DMAP in 8 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was charged with 216 mg of N-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (0.824 mmol), and heated at reflux temperature for 19 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed (5% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 400 mg of desired product (86%) as a yellow foamy solid: mp 62-67° C.; Anal. Calc. for CA₁N70₆: C, 67.26; H, 6.89; N, 13.07. Found: C, 66.96; H, 6.79; N, 12.87.

EXAMPLE 140

[0834] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine, (140).

[0835] A solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperdin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.180 mmol), 57 mg of triphenylphosphine (0.22 mmol), and 5 mL of water in 3.5 mL of ethyl acetate were stirred at room temperature for 13 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed on silica (2N NH₃ (in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃, 1:1:9) to give 25 mg of the title compound as a light yellow foamy solid: mp 84-89° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₄₂A₃N₅0₆. 0.7H₂O: C, 68.49; H, 7.44; N, 9.51. Found: C, 68.14; H, 7.00; No 9.41.

EXAMPLE 141

[0836] 2-((2-Azidoethy1oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

[0837] A mixture of 2.90 g of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine (5.51 mmol) in 10 mL of formic acid was stirred for 1.5 hours, solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with EtOAc and a small amount of hexane and the resulting precipitated yellow product was collected (700 mg): mp 150° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the following steps after spectral characterization. 2-((2-Azidoethyl) oxy)Methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1.4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxaidopyridine (141). A solution of 700 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.49 mmol), 461 mg of DCC (2.23 mmol), and 145 mg of DMAP (1.19 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 570 mg of N-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (1.93 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 13 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and applied to a flash chromatography column (silica, MeOH-EtOAc 5% to 10%) to give 815 mg of the desired product (73%) as a yellow foamy solid: mp 63-67° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₄₁H₄₆N₈O₆.H₂o: C, 64.38; H, 6.33; N, 14.65. Found: C, 64.72; H. 6.12; N, 14.62.

EXAMPLE 142

[0838] 2-((2-Azidoethy1l)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (142).

[0839] A solution of sodium hydroxide (30 mg) in 2 mL of water was added to a solution of 356 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.500 mmol) in 2 mL of dioxane. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of water and extracted with a 1:1 mixture of ether-hexane (10 mL). The aqueous extract was acidified to pH 4 (concentrated HCl), and the precipitated yellow solid was collected to give 283 mg of the title compound (82%): mp 118° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calc for C₃₈H₄₃N₇O₆: C, 65.78; H, 6.26; N, 14.12. Found: C, 65.55; H, 6.31; N, 13.96.

EXAMPLE 143

[0840] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carbozamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphnylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxaidopyridine (143).

[0841] A solution of 600 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.865 mmol), DCC (357 mg, 1.73 mmol), and DMAP (85 mg, 0.692 mmol) in 15 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 522 mg of concentrated ammonia solution, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed (silica, NeOH-EtOAc, 1:9, 1:8, 1:4) to give 528 mg of product as a yellow foamy solid (88%): mp 88-93° C.; Anal. Calc. for CMHN₈O₅. 0.5H₂O: C, 65.03; H, 6.46; N, 15.97. Found: C, 64.80; HI 5.96; N, 15.88.

EXAMPLE 144

[0842] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbozazidopyridine (144).

[0843] A solution of 61 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.088 mmol), triphenylphosphine (30 mg, 0.114 mmol), and water (2.5 mg, 0.141 mmol) in 1 mL EtOAc was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and chromatographed (silica, NH₃ (2N in methanol):MeOH:CHCl₃ (1:2:20)) to give 32 mg of the title compound (55%) as a yellow solid: mp 98-103° C.; Anal. Calcd for C,H₄₆N₆O₅. 1.0H₂O.0.2CH₂Cl₂: C, 65.38; H, 6.95; N, 11.97. Found: C, 65.39; H, 6.58; N, 11.44. Using trimethylphosphine as the reducing agent, on a large scale (3 mmol), a 93% yield of the 144 was realized. The product from this batch had the following microanalytical data: Anal. Calc. for C₂₇H₄₆N₆O₅.1.3 H₂O: C, 66.12; H, 7.10; N, 12.18. Found: C, 66.17; H, 6.69; N. 12.09 The enantiomers of 144 were separated on a Chirapak AS (2×25 cm) column. The retention times on the semi-prep column were dependent on the column load. At a 60 mg load, the retention times were 128 and 228 minutes (hexane-ethanol-isopropanol (containing 3% diethylamine) 84:3:13). The retention times on the analytical Chirapak AS column (4.6 mm x 25 cm), using the same solvent mixture were 34 and 54 minutes (broad peaks). The plus isomer eluted first followed by the minus isomer. The purity of the final selected enantiomeric fractions were >99.9%. 10: [α]_(D)=39.8 +10: [α]_(D)=+40.1

EXAMPLE 145

[0844]

[0845]2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-methyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxzaido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo-amidopyridine (145). A solution of 80 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.115 mmol), 33 mg of DMAPECD (0.173 mmol), and 31 mg of DMAP in 1 mL of dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 1.15 mmol of ethylamine (70% solution in water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours and then heated at reflux temperature for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was concetrated in vacuo, dissolved in 3 mL of ethyl acetate, with some drops of dichloromethane added to make the solution homogeneous. The resulting mixture was washed with aqueous saturated NH₂Cl₂solution (2×2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed (silica, MeOH-EtOAc, 1:9) to give 44 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid (53%): mp 82-87° C.; Anald Calc. for C₄₀H₄₈N₈O₅.2.0H₂O: C, 63.47; H, 6.92; N, 14.80. Found: C, 63.49; H, 6.24; N, 14.78.

EXAMPLE 146

[0846] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine (146).

[0847] A solution of 30 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(40 nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine (0.042 mmol), triphenylphosphine (17 mg, 0.063 mmol), and water (1.5 mg, 0.084 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc were stirred at room temperature for 19 hrs. Triphenyphosphine (2 mg) and water (1 mg) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on silica (NE3 (2 N in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃, 1:2:20) to give 13 mg of product as a yellow solid (45%: mp 115-111° C.; Anal. Calc. for CoHsoN605. 1.0H₂O.0.6CH₂Cl₂: C, 63.84; H, 7.02; N, 11.00. Found: C, 63.79; H, 6.96; N, 10.81.

EXAMPLE 147

[0848] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-eyancethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0849] A solution of 150 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl) oxy) methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.085 mmol), DMAPECD (92 mg, 0128 mmol), and DMAP (49 mg, 0.102 mmol) in 1.2 mL of dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 27 mg of ethyamine (70% solution in water) and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed (silica, EtOAc-hexane, 3:2) to give 101 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid which was used in the next experiment after spectral characterization. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid. A solution of 12.5 mg of NaOH in 2 mL of water was added to a solution of 104 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.21 mmol) in 2 mL of dioxane. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was partitioned between water (5 mL) and ether (5 mL), separated, acidified (concentrated HCl, pH=5) and the precipitated oil was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 49 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 72-77° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. 22-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl-)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (147). A mixture of 40 mg of 6-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-2-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.090 mmol), DMAPECD (26 mg, 0.135 mmol), and DMAP (13 mg, 0.108 mmol) in 2 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 35 mg of N-3-aminopropyl-4,4-diphenylpiperine, and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 17.5 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 2 mL of EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (2×2 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. the crude product was chromatographed (silica, 10% MeOH-EtOAc) to give 30 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid (46%): mp 83-87° C.; Anal. Calc. for C4H N₈0₅. 3H₂O: C, 62.00; H, 7.02; N, 14.46. Found: C, 61.84; H, 6.74; N, 14.75.

EXAMPLE 148

[0850] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine (148).

[0851] A solution of 15 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.021 mmol), triphenylphosphine (8.2 mg, 0.031 mmol), and 1.9 mg of water (0.105 mmol) in 1.5 mL of ethyl acetate were stirred at room temperature for 1 day, 2 mg of triphenylphosphine and 2 mg of water were added to the reaction mixture and stirred for one day, concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed (silica, NH₃ (2 N in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃, 1:2:20) to afford 5.1 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid (28%): mp 116-120° C.; Anal. Calc. for C≡C, 61.72; H, 6.82; N, 10.53. Found: C, 61.95; H, 6.74; N, 10.49.

EXAMPLE 149

[0852] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboa-amido-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridin.

[0853] A solution of 199 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.423 mmol), DMAPECD (122 mg, 0.635 mg), and DMAP (41 mg, 0.338 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature 3 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 530 mg of concentrated ammonia solution and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 3.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered and chromatographed (silica, EtOAc-hexane, 1:1, 2:1, 2.5:1) to give 55 mg of spectrally pure product along with 15 mg of slightly impure product for a combined yield of 40%: mp 114-119° C. The product was used in the next step without any further purification. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carbozxmido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)pheaylpyridino-5-carboxylic acid. A solution of 12 mg of NaOH in 0.6 mL of water was added to 60 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboxamido-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (0.127 mmol:) in 2 mL of acetone. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The acetone was removed under reduced pressure, acidified with 0.2 N HCl solution, filtered, the residue was dissolved in 5 mL EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO.) and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 46 mg of the desired product (80%): mp 86° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. EXAMPLE 149 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbozsuidopyridine (149). A solution of 40 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.096 mmol), DMAPECD (28 mg, 0.143 mmol), and DMAP (9 mg, 0.077 mmol) in 3 mL of dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 40 mg of N-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, washed with aqueous saturated NH.Cl solution (2×5 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed (silica, MeOH-EtOAc, 1:9 to 1:6) to afford 18 mg of spectrally pure product and 40 mg of slightly impure product for a combined yield of 88%: mp 87-91° C.; Anal. Calc. for C_H₂N;O.0.4H20: C, 65.20; H, 6.45; N, 16.01. Found: C, 65.49; H, 6.65; N, 15.45.

EXAMPLE 150

[0854] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (150).

[0855] A solution of 40 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamidopyridine (0.0577 mmol), 45 mg of triphenylphosphine (0.173 mmol), and 10 mg of water in 1.5 mL of ethyl acetate were stirred at room temperature for 13 hrs, and the crude product was chromatographed (silica, NH₃ (2N in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃, 1:2:20) to give 14 mg of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 116-120 aC; Anal. Calc. for —₃HXN₆O₅. 1.0H₂0.1.0CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.85; H, 6.55; N, 10.92. Found: 60.69; H, 6.51; N, 10.86.

EXAMPLE 151

[0856] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy) Rthyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine.

[0857] A mixture of 188 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.400 mmol), 115 mg of DMAPECD (0.600 mmol), and 58.6 mg of DMAP (0.480 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature 2.75 hours. A solution of methylamine in water (40%, 0.40 mL, 4.80 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with EtOAc-hexane (3:2) to give 55 mg of the desired product as a yellow paste (29%). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-Methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic &aid. 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (50.0 mg, 0.103 mmol) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of dioxane, NaOH (6.2 mg, 0.155 mmol) in 0.5 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture, and stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 2 mL of etherhexane (1:1), separated, the aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2-3), extracted with 2×2 mL of EtOAc, the combined EtoAc extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 44 mg of the desired product as a yellow paste. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-methyl)carboxzaido-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbozuidopyridine (151). A mixture of 44.0 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.100 mmol), 30.0 mg of DMAPECD (0.160 mmol), and 15.0 mg of DMAP (0.120 mmol) in 2 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 34.0 mg of N-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiperidine, and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of CH₂Cl₂-EtOAc (3:2), washed with 2×4 mL of aqueous saturated NH4Cl solution, dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 50 g of silica packed with 10% MeOH-EtOAc to give 24.0 mg of the desired product (34%) as a yellow solid. The hydrochloride salt was prepared by addition of a dichloromethane solution (2 mL) of the free base (24 mg) into 2 mL of 1 N HCl in ether. The precipitated yellow solid was collected to give 20 mg of the desired product: Mp 200° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C3H4N₈,₅.HCl.2.4CH₂Cl₂: C, 52.50; H, 5.51; N, 11.83. Found: C, 52.67; H, 5.87; N, 11.66.

EXAMPLE 152

[0858] 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl Acetoacetate.

[0859] A mixture of 6.70 g of 2-trimethylsilylethanol (56.7 mmol) and 8.05 g of 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (56.7 mmol) was placed in a round bottom flask equipped with a short distillation apparatus and heated to to drive off acetone. The calculated amount of acetone was collected, and the residue was distilled under reduced pressure. The fraction boiling at 106-110° C. (5-10 mmHg) was collected (8.52 g, 74%). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization. 2-Trimethylailylethyl 2-(4-nitro)phenyliethyleno-3-ozobutanoate. A mixture of 7.35 g of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl acetoacetate (36.3 “mol), 5.49 g of p-nitrobenzaldehyde (36.3 mmol), 309 mg of piperidine (3.63 mmol), and 218 mg of acetic acid (3.63 mmol) in 100 mL of isopropanol was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the resulting yellow oil was placed under high vacuum (with occasional heating with a heat gun) untill there was no bubbling. The resulting yellow solid was triturated with isopropanol, filtered, and washed with isopropanol to give the desired product as a pale yellow crystalline solid (11.0 g, 90%) (a mixture of E/Z isomers): mp 63-65° C.; Anal Calcd for C₁₆H₂₁N₁Si₁O₅: C, 57.29; H, 6.31; N, 4.18. Found: C, 57.20; H, 6.35; N, 4.22. 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-(2-(trizethylsilylethoxy) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine. A mixture of 1.31 g of 2-cyanoethyl 4-(2-azidoethoxy)oxy-3-oxobutanoate (5.45 mmol) and 504 mg of ammonium acetate (6.54 mmol) in 5 mL of ethanol (denatured) were heated at reflux temperature for 15 min, cooled, and 1.83 g of 2-(trimethylsilyl) ethyl 2-(4-nitro) phenylmethyleno-3-oxobutanoate (5.45 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour, cooled and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with 10% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with 20% (1 L), 30% (2 L), and 40% EtOAc-hexane (3 L) to afford 980 mg of pure (spectra), and 520 mg of slightly impure product for a combined yield of 49% as a yellow oily solid: Anal. calcd for C₂₅P₃₂N₆Si₁0₇: C, 53.94; H, 5.80; N, 15.10. Found: C, 53.80; H, 5.90; N, 15.25.

[0860] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-f-methyl-5-(2-trimethylsilylothoxy) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-orboxylic acid. A solution of 48 mg of NaOH in 1 mL of water was added to 518 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy) carbonyl-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine (1.21 mmol) in 5 mL of dioxane. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs, concentrated in vauo, dissolved in 10 mL of ethyl acetate, washed with 2×5 mL of 1 N HCl solution, dried (Na₂SO,), and the solvent was removed in vauo. The crude product was recrystallized from a mixture of EtOAc-hexane to give 399 mg of the title compound (85%) as a yellow crystalline solid: mp 145-150° C.(decomp.); Anal. Calc. for C₂₂H₂₅N₅Si₁0₇: C, 52.47; H, 5.81; N, 13.91. Found: C, 52.47; H, 5.61; N, 13.87.

[0861] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-l,4-dihydro-6-methyl-s-(2-trizathylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (152). A mixture of 190 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.377 mmol), 117 mg of DCC (0.566 mmol), and 51 mg of DPAP in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was charged with 119 mg of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4,4-diphenylpiper idine (0.452 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 2.5% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with 2.5% (0.5 L), 5% (0.5 L), 10% (1 L), and 15% MeOH-EtOAc (1 L) to give 271 mg of product as a yellow foamy solid (92%): mp 63° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C≡C, 61.25; H, 6.55; N, 11.72. Found: C, 61.69; H, 6.04; N, 12.13.

EXAMPLE 153

[0862] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (153).

[0863] A solution of 0.347 mmol of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 M in THF) was added to a solution of 246 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.315 mmol) in 4 mL of dry THF. After 2 hrs, 694 niL of 1 N tetrabutylammonium fluoride was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 12 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between 20 mL of EtOAc and 10 mL of water, separated and washed with 2×10 mL of water. The ethyl acetate extract was diluted with 20 mL of hexane and extracted with 3×10 mL of 0.5 N NaOH solution. The combined aqueous extracts were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH 2-3) and the separated oily solid was extracted with 2×10 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 192 mg of the desired product as a yellow foamy solid (89%): mp 135° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C37H41N7O6.0.45 CH₂Cl₂: C, 62.65; HI 5.88; N, 13.66. Found: C, 62.92; H, 6.00; N, 13.47.

EXAMPLE 154

[0864] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)zethyl-5-carboxamido-

[0865]1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridino (154).

[0866] A mixture of 161 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.237 mmol), DCC (73 mg, 0.355 mmol), and DMAP (32 mg, 0.261 mmol) in 2 mL of dry dichloromethane was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was charged with 100 mL of concentrated ammonia and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, dissolved in 5 mL of ethyl acetate, filtered, washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution (3×2 mL), and solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 2 N NH₃ (in methanol)-MeOH-CHCl₃-CH₂C′₂ (1:2:20:20). The column was eluted with the above solvent system to give 125 mg of the desired product as a yellow foamy solid (78%): mp 90-95° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C37H42N505.0.3 CHCl₃: C, 62.69; H, 5.97; N, 15.68. Found: C, 62.53; H, 5.32; N, 15.12.

EXAMPLE 155

[0867] 2-((2-Aminoethyl) oxy)athyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (155).

[0868] A solution of 85 mg of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (0.125 mmol), 49.3 mg of triphenylphosphine (0.188 mmol), and 7 mL of water in 2 mL of THF were stirred at room temperature for 2 days. TLC showed small amounts of the starting material in the reaction mixture. Triphenylphosphine (5 mg) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 1 day. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 120 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2 M in MeOH):MeOH:CHCl₃ (1:2:17). The column was eluted with 1:2:17, 1:2:15, and 1:2:10 (NH₃ (2 M in MeOH):MeOH:CHCl₃) to give 20 mg of the desired product. The chromatographed product was dissolved in 5 mL of CH cl₂ and 5 mL of saturated sodium carbonate mixture, separated, dried over Na₂SO., and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was triturated with CH₂Cl₂-ether (1:2) to give a yellow solid: Anal. calc. for C37H₂N₆O₅. 1.4CHCl₃. 1.4H₂O: C, 54.57; H, 5.75. Found: C, 54.50; H, 5.81

EXAMPLE 156

[0869] 1,4-Dihydro-3-(N-isopropyl) carboxamido-2,.6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(⁴14-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidepyridine (156).

[0870] A suspension of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (10.00 g, 66.2 mol), 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (10.27 g, 66.2 mol), piperidine (281 mg, 3.31 mmol) and acetic acid (198 mg, 3.31 mmol) in 250 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. Reaction mixture was filtered, the solid collected and dried in air to give 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester as a white powder (11.24 g, 59%). A solution of 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (15.06 g, 52.3 mmol) and benzyl 3-amino-crotonate (10.00 g, 52.3 mmol) in 150 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO,. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (23.4 g, 97%). A solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (3.24 g, 7.02 mmol) in 160 ml of 4.4%(w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 3.24 g) for 30 min., the reaction was quenched by addition of 10 ml of CHCL₃. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to give a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃ (100 ml), washed with water (25 ml) and aqueous 1N HCl (25 ml). After drying (Na₂SO₄) and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (1.94 g, 75%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (473 mg, 1.35 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (532 mg, 2.69 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (164 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of isopropylamine (398 mg, 6.73 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×25 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (25 ml) and brine (30 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent in vacuo, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (524 mg, 94%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (500 mg, 1.20 mmol) in 10 ml of acetone was treated with 5 ml of iN aqueous KOH solution at 0C for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder (244 mg, 56%). A solution of 1,4-dihydro-5-(N-isopropyl) carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (240 mg, 0.67 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (250 mg, 1.34 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (80 mg, 0.67 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂cl2 was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (190 mg, 0.67 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×10 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and removal of solvent in vacuo, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 1,4-Dihydro-3-(N-isopropyl)carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5- { N- [3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (263 mg, 62%). M.p. 123-125° C.; Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₄: C 71.78, H 7.13, N 11.02; Found: C 71.52, H 7.13, N 10.99.

EXAMPLE 157

[0871] 6-Ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2-propylpyridine (157).

[0872] In a round-bottomed flask equipped with a distillation apparatus, a mixture of ethyl butyrylacetate (50.0 g, 0.316 mol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (67.4 g, 0.948 mol) was heated in a oil bath at 190° C. After most of the EtOH was distilled over, the mixture was vacuum distilled and 2-cyanoethyl butyrylacetate was collected at 125-135° C./0.1 mmHg (26.0 g, 44.9 %). A suspension of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (16.61 g, 110 mmol), 2-cyanoethyl butyrylacetate (19.34 g, 100 mmol), piperidine (430 mg, 5.00 mmol) and acetic acid (300 mg, 5.00 mmol) in 350 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and resulting solid was air dried to give 2-E(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxohexanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester as a white powder (31.0 g, 95%). A solution of 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxohexanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (16.3 g, 50 mmol) and benzyl 3-amino-2-pentenoate (11.3 g, 55 mmol) in 250 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (25.1 g, 98%). A solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine (5.00 g, 10.0 mmol) in 150 ml of 4.4%(w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 2.50 g) at room temperature. After 40 min., the reaction was quenched by addition of 50 ml of CHCl₃. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃ (150 ml), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (3.80 g, 93%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (2.50 g, 6.00 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.30 g, 12.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.74 g, 6.00 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, 4.5 2 2 ml of ethylamine (70% aqueous solution) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed with water (200 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×200 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (200 ml) and brine (200 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder(2.45 g, 92%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine (2.40 g, 5.50 mmol) in 50 ml acetone was treated with 20 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (40 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder (1.72 g, 82%) A solution of 6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.50 g, 3.87 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.48 g, 7.74 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (670 mg, 5.10 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (1.14 g, 3.87 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl₂ (3×20 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCL₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 6-Ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-2-propylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (1.65 g, 64%). M.p. 201° C. (dec.); Calcd. for C₄₀H₄9N₅0₄.1/2H₂O: C 71.40, H 7.49, N 10.41; Found: C 71.23, H 7.23, N 10.42.

EXAMPLE 158

[0873] 6-Ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentyl-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (158).

[0874] To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (43.2 g, 300 mmol) and pyridine (47.5 g, 600 mmol) in 300 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added hexanoyl chloride (40.4 g, 300 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr then at room temperature for 1 hr. The solution was washed with iN aqueous HCl (300 ml), water (300 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of solvent, 5-hexanoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was obtained as a light pink oil (35.4 g, 62%). 5-Hexanoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (35.4 g, 146 mmol) was heated with 3-hydroxypropionitrile (40.0 g, 560 mmol) at 120° C. until no more C0₂ was released. The mixture was vacuum distilled and 2-cyanoethyl hexanoylacetate was collected at 128-145° C./0.2 mmHg (21.3 g, 69%). A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl hexanoylacetate (21.1 g, 100 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (16.6 g, 110 mmol), piperidine (430 mg, 5.00 mmol) and acetic acid (300 mg, 5.00 mmol) in 350 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. The resulting white precipitate was filtered and dried in the air. The product, 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxooctanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a white powder (25.2 g, 73% yield). A solution of 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxooctanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (6.89 g, 20 mmol) and benzyl 3-amino-2-pentenoate (4.52 g, 22 mmol) in 300 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (10.5 g, 99%). A solution of 3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine (10.5 g, 20.0 mmol) in 200 ml of 4.4%(w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 3.15 g) at room temperature. After 80 min., the reaction was quenched by addition of 50 ml of CHCl₃. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃ (250 ml), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (100 ml) and brine (100 ML), then dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (7.88 g, 82%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (3.15 g, 6.60 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.50 g, 13.2 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.2 g, 10 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, 2.66 ml of ethylamine (70% aqueous solution) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed with water (200 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×200 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (200 ml) and brine (200 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder(3.42 g, 100%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine (3.30 g, 6.85 mmol) in 40 ml of acetone was treated with 25 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0C for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (40 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder (3.00 g, 97%) A solution of 6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.58 g, 3.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.00 g, 5.25 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (450 mg, 3.50 mmol) in 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (1.03 g, 3.50 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (50 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄CL (3×50 ml), 10% aqueous K₂C0₃ (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂₁ MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 6-Ethyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pentyl-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (1.21 g, 50%). M.p. 115-120° C.; Calcd. for C₄₂H₅₃N₅O₄ 1/2H₂2: C 71.97, H 7.77, N 9.99; Found: C 71.99, H 7.77, N 9.86

EXAMPLE 159

[0875] 5-(N-Ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine (159).

[0876] In a round-bottomed flask equipped with a distillation apparatus, a mixture of ethyl butyrylacetate (31.6 g, 0.20 mol) and benzyl alcohol (23.8 g, 0.220 mol) was heated with an oil bath at 190° C. After most of the EtOH was distilled over, the mixture was vacuum distilled and benzyl butyrylacetate was collected at 130-136° C./0.2 mmHg (33.5 g, 76.1 %). A mixture of benzyl butyrylacetate (22.0 g, 0.10 mol) and 10 g of 4 A molecular sieves was treated with ammonia gas which was bubbled through the mixture for 38 hrs at 50 OC. After filtration, benzyl 3-amino-2-hexenoate was obtained as a yellowish oil (21 g, 95%). A solution of 2-[ (4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxohexanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (9.80 g, 30 mmol) and benzyl 3-amino-2-hexenoate (7.24 g, 33 mmol) in 150 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 5-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (15.4 g, 97%). A solution of 5-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1 ,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine (10.6 g, 20.4 mmol) in 200 ml of 4.4%(w/w) formic acid/MeOH mixture was stirred with Pd/C (10%, 3.50 g) at room temperature. After 1 hr, the reaction was quenched by addition of 50 ml of CHCl₃. The mixture was f iltered and concentrated to give a yellow powder, which was dissolved in CHCl₃ (250 ml), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (100 ml) and brine (100 ml), then dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-l1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (8.04 g, 92%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (4.28 91 10.0 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (3.81 g, 20.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.6 g, 13 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, 3.20 g of ethylamine (70% aqueous solution) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed with water (200 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×200 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (200 ml) and brine (200 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (4.15 g, 99%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine (4.55 g, 10.0 mmol) in 50 ml of acetone was treated with 40 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0C for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (40 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder (4.00 g, 100%) A solution of 5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.61 go 4.00 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.15 g, 6.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (500 mg, 4.00 mmol) in 150 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (1.18 g, 4.00 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (50 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×50 ml), 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). After dried over Na2S0₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 5-(N-Ethyl)carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (1.85 g, 68%). M.p. 123-128° C.; Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₁N₅O₄.H₂O: C 70.76, H 7.68, N 10.06; Found: C 70.94, H 7.56, N 10.09.

EXAMPLE 160

[0877] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-[N-3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (160).

[0878] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl 3-aminocrotonate (247 mg, 1.60 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (242 mg, 1.60 mmol) and N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]acetoacetamide (607 mg, 1.60 mmol) in 50 ml of 2-propanol was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of CHCl₃′ washed with water (25 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. The title compound was obtained as a yellowish powder (267 mg, 26%). M.p. 93-95° C.; Calcd. for C H₄₁N₅o₄1/4H₂O: C 69.97, H 6.41, N 10.74; Found: C 69.73, H 6.22, N 10.66.

EXAMPLE 161

[0879] 1,4-Dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (161).

[0880] A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dipropylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (1.50 g, 3.60 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.38 g, 7.20 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.45 g, 3.6 mmol) in 150 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (1.06 g, 3.60 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl2 was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed with water (100 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl₂ (3×100 ml), 100 ml of 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ and 100 ml of brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-3-[(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (640 mg, 26%). A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N-3-((4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine (640 mg, 0.92 emmol) in 30 ml acetone was treated with 4.6 ml 1N KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (10 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 1,4-Dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-{N- 3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dipropylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (485 mg, 81%). M.p. 126-130° C.; Calcd. for C₃9H₄₆N₄0₅ 2H20: C 68.20, H 7.34, N 8.16; Found: C 68.30, H 7.01, N 8.16.

EXAMPLE 162

[0881] 1,4-Dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (162).

[0882] A solution of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (212 mg, 0.64 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (253 mg, 1.28 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (78 mg, 0.64 mmol) in 30 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (150 mg, 0.64 mmol) in 5 ml of DMF was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into 150 ml of hexane and a yellowish sticky oil was separated out. The oil was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. The title compound was obtained as a yellowish powder (20 mg, 5.7%). M.p. 87-91° C.; Calcd. for C₃₀H₃7N₅0₅: C 65.80, H 6.81, N 12.79; Found: C 66.06, H 6.90, N 12.59.

EXAMPLE 163

[0883] 4-(3,4-Ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-Dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (163).

[0884] A mixture of 2-cyanoethyl acetoacetate (5.00 g, 32.2 mmol), 1,4-benzodioxan-6-carboxaldehyde (5.29 g, 32.2 mmol), piperidine (137 mg, 1.61 mmol) and acetic acid (97 mg, 1.6 mmol) in 70 ml of 2-propanol was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. After evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, AcOEt: Hexane, 60:10). 2-[(3,4-Ethylenedioxyphenyl)methylene]-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a yellowish oil (2.64 g, 27% yield). A solution of 2-[(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)methylenel-3-oxobutanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (2.64 g, 8.76 mmol) and N-methyl 3-amino-2-pentenamide (1.00 g, 8.76 mmol) in 50 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 36 hrs. After solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiOz, CHCl₃:MeOH, 90:10). 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-4-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (2.15 g, 62%). The solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-4-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamidopyridine (2.15 g, 5.40 mmol) in 30 ml acetone was treated with 30 ml iN KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (40 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 5 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 4-(3,4-Ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder (1.00 g, 54%). A solution of 4-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamidopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.73 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (287 mg, 1.45 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (89 mg, 0.73 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (170 mg, 0.73 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 20 ml 10% K CO₃ and 20 ml of brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 4-(3,4-Ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (136 mg, 30%). M.p. 115-116° C.; Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₄N₄0₄e3/4H₂O: C 71.96, H 7.23, N 8.83; Found: C 71.81, H 7.09, N 9.10.

EXAMPLE 164

[0885] 4-(3,4-Ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-Dihydro-3-(N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-2,6-dimethyl-5-[(N-methyl)carboxamido]pyridine (164).

[0886] A solution of 4-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-[(N-methyl)carboxamido]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0. 30mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (115 mgt 0.60 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (73 mg, 0.60 mmol) in 30 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (83.0 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 ml of CH₂cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (10 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×10 ml), 10 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 10 ml of brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO2, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. The title compound was obtained as a yellowish powder (65 mg, 36%). M.p. 101-104° C.; Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₂N₄0₆e5/4H₂O: C 65.31, H 7.17, N 8.96; Found: C 65.12, H 6.69, N 8.69.

EXAMPLE 165

[0887] 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (165).

[0888] A solution of methyl 5-bromovalerate (5.00 g, 25.6 mmol), NaN₃ (3.33 g, 51.2 mmol) and 15 ml of water in 40 ml of MeOH was refluxed for 3.5 hrs. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and residue was partitioned between CHCl₃ (200 ml) and water (50 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with water. After drying and removal of solvent, methyl 5-azidovalerate (4.01 g, 99.7%) was obtained as a colorless oil. Methyl 5-azidovalerate (4.01 g, 25.5 mmol) and KOH (7.58 g, 0.135 mol) were dissolved in a mixture of 70 ml of water and 90 ml of MeOH. The solution was stirred at 0 OC. After 2 hrs, the MeOH was removed in vacuo. The aqueous layer was extracted by CHCl₃ (50 ml), acidified to pH=1 by 2N aqueous HCl and extracted by Et2O (2×100 ml). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (100 ml) and dried over Na2SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 5-azidovaleric acid (2.85 g, 77.6%) was obtained as a colorless oil. 5-Azidovaleric acid (2.00 g, 13.9 mmol) in 15 ml of toluene was treated with oxalyl chloride (3.55 g, 27.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 10 hrs. After removal of toluene in vacuo, crude 5-azidovaleric chloride was used for next reaction without further purifications. To the solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (4.45 g, 30.9 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (7.55 g, 61.8 mmol) in 100 ml of CH₂Cli was added the solution of crude 5-azidovaleric chloride in 10 ml of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr and at room temperature for 1 hr. The solution was washed with 1N aqueous HCl (100 ml), brine (250 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of solvent, 5-(5-azidopentanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was obtained as a light pink oil (8.17 g, 98%). 5-(5-Azidopentanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was heated with 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.42 g, 34.0 mmol) at 80° C. until no more CO₂ was released. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with 150 ml of 2-propanol, and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (4.60 g, 30.3 mmol), piperidine (130 mg, 1.50 mmol) and acetic acid (90 mg, 1.50 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. The product, 7-amido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoicacid2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (5.73 g, 51% yield) after chromatography (SiO₂, Hexane: AcOEt, 2:1). A solution of 7-azido-2-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (3.71 g, 10.0 mmol) and 3-amino-2-pentenamide (1.14 g, 10.0 mmol; this compound was prepared by bubbling ammonia gas through a solution of 6-ethyl-4H-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxin-4-one in xylene at 115° C. for 2 hrs) in 50 EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=5:95). 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellow powder (2.50 g, 54% yield). A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.50 g, 3.20 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 20 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo. 1.20 g (90% yield) of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid was obtained as a yellow powder. A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.72 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (276 mg, 1.44 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (176 mg, 1.44 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (215 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 30 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 30 ml of brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (320 mg, 66%). M.p. 74-77° C.; Calcd. for C₃ H₄₄N₈0₆: C 62.48, H 6.59, N 16.66; Found: C 62.27, H 6.30, N 16.62.

EXAMPLE 166

[0889] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (166).

[0890] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiper idin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (280 mg, 0.42 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 1.25 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs, 0.22 ml of water was then added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into AcOEt (50 ml), washed with 6N aqueous KOH (50 ml), brine (50 ml) and dried over K₂C0₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (227 mg, 84%). M.p. 75-78° C.; Calcd for C₃₅H₄₆N₆O₆.1/2H₂O: C 64.10, H 7.22, N 12.82; Found: C 63.99, H 6.82, N 12.67.

EXAMPLE 167

[0891] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridiane (167).

[0892] A solution of 7-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (2.62 g, 7.06 mmol) and 3-aminocrotonamide (0.710 g, 7.06 mmol) in 50 EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 100 ml of CHCL₃₁ washed with water (2×50 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a brownish oil (2.42 g, 76% yield).

[0893] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (2.42 g, 5.34 mmol) in 15 ml acetone was treated with 25 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo, the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ and acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 1.40 g (65% yield) of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0894] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ( 400 mg, 1.00 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (380 mg, 2.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (130 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (300 mg, 1.02 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 20 ml 10% K₂CO₃ and 20 ml of brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂₁ MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexanemixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (420 mg, 62%). M.p. 100° C.; Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₄N₈O₄: C 67.44, H 6.55, N 16.56; Found: C 67.14, H 6.33, N 16.30.

[0895] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (90 mg, 0.133 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.33 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs, 0.1 ml of water was then added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved into AcoEt (50 ml), washed with 6N aqueous KOH (50 ml), brine (50 ml), and dried over K₂Co₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (82 mg, 95%). M.p. 95-99° C.; Calcd for C₃₈H₄₆N₆O₄ 1/2H₂O: C 69.17, H 7.18, N 12.74; Found: C 69.12, H 6.86, N 12.43.

EXAMPLE 168

[0896] 2-(3-Aminopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-E3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (168).

[0897] A solution of ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (10.0 g, 51.3 mmol), NaN₃ (6.66 g, 102 mmol) and 25 ml of water in 75 ml of MeOH was refluxed for 3.5 hrs. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and residue was partitioned between CHCl₃ (200 ml) and water (50 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with water. After drying and evaporation of solvent, ethyl 4-azidobutyrate (7.94 g, 98.6%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

[0898] Ethyl 4-azidobutyrate (8.06 g, 51.3 mmol) and KOH (14.4 g, 0.256 mol) were dissolved into a mixture of 100 ml of water and 120 ml of MeOH. The solution was stirred at g0C for 2 hrs and then MeOH was removed in vacuo. The aqueous layer was extracted by CHCl₃ (50 ml), acidified to pH=1 by 2N aqueous HCl and extracted by Et₂O (2×100 ml). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 4-azidobutyric acid (5.30 g, 80%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

[0899] 4-Azidobutyric acid (2.00 g, 15.5 mmol) in 15 ml of toluene was treated with oxalyl chloride (4.92 g, 38.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 10 hrs. After removal of toluene in vacuo, crude 4-azidobutyric chloride was used for next reaction without further purifications.

[0900] To the solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (3.82 g, 26.5 mmol) and pyridine (4.20 g, 53.0 mmol) in 150 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise a solution of crude-4-azidobutyric chloride (3.90 g, 26.5 mmol) in 30 ml of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr then at room temperature for 1 hr. The solution was washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (60 ml), water (60 ml) followed by brine (60 ml) and dried. After evaporation of solvent, 5-(4-azidobutanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was obtained as a light pink oil (6.20 g, 92%).

[0901] 5-(4-Azidobutanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was heated with 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.25 g, 72.0 mmol) at 80° C. until no more CO₂ was released. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml), washed with water (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). After drying and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=95:5), 4-azidobutanoylacetic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a yellowish oil (2.86 g, 53.2%).

[0902] A mixture of 4-azidobutanoylacetic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (2.83 g, 12.6 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.91 g, 12.6 mmol), piperidine (53 mg, 0.63 mmol) and acetic acid (38 mg, 0.63 mmol) was stirred at r.t. for 48 hrs. The product, 6-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene)-3-oxohexanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was separated out as a brownish oil (2.16 g, 48%).

[0903] A solution of 6-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxohexanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (2.16 g, 6.06 mmol) and 3-aminocrotonamide (1.21 g, 12.1 mmol) in 50 EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=95:5). 2-(3-Azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow powder (1.28 g, 48% yield).

[0904] A solution of 2-(3-azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.28 g, 2.91 mmol) in 20 ml acetone as treated with 15 ml 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 45 min. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 800 mg (71% yield) of 2-(3-azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0905] A solution of 2-(3-azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.78 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (297 mg, 1.55 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (95 mg, 0.78 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (228 mg, 0.78 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiOz, MeOH: CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(3-Azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (300 mg, 58%). M.p. 99° C. (dec.); Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₂N₈O₄.3/4H₂O: C 65.71, H 6.48, N 16.57; Found: C 65.86, H 6.22, N 16.62.

[0906] A solution of 2-(3-azidopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N- [3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (102 mg, 0.154 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.4 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs, then 0.1 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved into AcOEt (50 ml), washed with 6N aqueous KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(3-Aminopropyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (88 mg, 90%). M.p. 97-100° C.; Calcd for C₃₇H₄₄N₆O₄.1/2H₂O: C 68.82, H 7.02, N 13.01; Found: C 68.56, H 6.71, N 12.89.

EXAMPLE 169

[0907] 2-(5-Aminopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (169).

[0908] A solution of ethyl 6-bromohexanoate (10.0 g, 44.8 mmol), NaN₃ (5.83 g, 89.6 mmol) and 25 ml of water in 75 ml of MeOH was refluxed for 3.5 hrs. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between CHCl₃ (200 ml) and water (50 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with water. After drying (Na₂SO₄) and evaporation of solvent, ethyl 6-azidohexanoate (8.59 g, 100%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

[0909] Ethyl 6-azidohexanoate (8.59 g, 44.8 mmol) and KOH (13.0 g, 0.231 mol) were dissolved into a mixture of 120 ml of water and 180 ml of MeOH. The solution was stirred at 0° C for 2 hrs then MeOH was removed in vacuo. The aqueous layer was extracted by CHCl₃ (2×100 ml), acidified to pH=l by 2N aqueous HCl and extracted by Et2O (2×100 ml). The organic layers were combined, washed with water (100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 6-azidohexanoic acid (6.56 g, 93%) was obtained as a colorless oil. 6-Azidohexanoic acid (6.56 g, 41.7 mmol) in 15 ml of toluene was treated with oxalyl chloride (13.2 g, 104 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 10 hrs. After removal of toluene in vacuo, crude 6-azidohexanoic chloride was used for hext reaction without further purification.

[0910] To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (6.31 g, 43.8 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (5.60 g, 45.9 mmol) in 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise a solution of crude 6-azidohexanoic chloride (7.32 g, 41.7 mmol) in 30 ml of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr then at room temperature for 1 hr. The solution was washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (100 ml), water (100 ml) followed by brine (100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 5-(6-azidohexanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was obtained as a light red oil (12.0 g, 100%).

[0911] 5-(6-Azidohexanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was heated with 3-hydroxypropionitrile (8.90 g, 125 mmol) at 80° C. until no more CO₂ was released. The reaction mixture was diluted with 150 ml of 2-propanol and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (6.30 g, 41.7 mmol), piperidine (178 mg, 2.10 mmol) and acetic acid (125 mg, 2.10 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. After the solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved into CHCl₃ (200 ml), washed with water (150 ml) and brine (150 ml). After drying (Na₂SO₄) and evaporation of solvent, 8-azido-2-[ (4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxooctanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a brownish oil (17.0 g, 100%).

[0912] A solution of 8-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxooctanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (4.00 g, 10.4 mmol) and 3-aminocrotonamide (2.08 g, 20.8 mmol) in 100 ml EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=95:5). 2-(5-Azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (2.23 g, 47% yield). A solution of 2-(5-azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (2.26 g, 5.44 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 25 ml lN aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 1.50 g (67% yield) of 2-(5-azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder. A solution of 2-(5-azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.72 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (277 mg, 1.45 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (88 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (213 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO2, MeOH: CHCl₃:lN NH₃ in McOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂cl2/hexane mixture. 2-(5-Azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (300 mg, 58%). M.p. 85° C. (dec.); Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₆N₈O₄.3/4H₂O: C 66.5, H 6.80, N 15.91; Found: C 66.45, H 6.63, N 16.03. A solution of 2-(5-azidopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (130 mg, 0.20 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.60 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.10 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into AcOEt (50 ml), washed with 6N aqueous KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(5-Aminopentyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (110 mg, 85%). M.p. 75-78° C.; Calcd for C₃₉H₄₈N₆O₄.1/2H₂O: C 69.52, H 7.33, N 12.47; Found: C 69.20, H 7.37, N 12.45.

EXAMPLE 170

[0913] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (170).

[0914] A solution of 7-azido-2-[ (4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid2-cyanoethyl ester (2.87 g, 7.73 mmol) and methyl 3-aminocrotonate (0.900 g, 7.73 mmol) in 50 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=95:5). 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (2.43 g, 67% yield).

[0915] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.38 g,. 2.95 mmol) in 10 ml acetone was treated with 15 ml 1N KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 750 mg (61% yield) of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0916] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.722 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride 277 mg, 1.45 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (132 mg, 1.08 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (213 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (400 mg, 82%). M.p. 66-70° C.; Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₅N₇O₅.1/2H₂O: C 66.84, H 6.62, N 13.99; Found: C 66.80, H 6.48, N 13.89

[0917] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (200 mg, 0.29 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.87 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.05 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved in 50 ml of AcOEt, washed with 6N KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂Co₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (150 mg, 78%). M.p. 89-93 7C; Calcd for C₃₉H₄₇N₅O₅.5/4H₂O: C 68.05, H 7.25, N 10.17; Found: C 68.14, H 7.08, N 10.11

EXAMPLE 171

[0918] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (171).

[0919] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (300 mg, 0.72 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (276 mg, 1.44 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (88 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at r.t. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (215 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (312 mg, 63%). M.p. 85-89° C.; Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₆N₈O₄: C 67.81, H 6.71, N 16.22; Found: C 67.42, H 6.45, N 15.89

[0920] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (310 mg, 0.45 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 1.35 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.03 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into AcOEt (50 ml), washed with 6N KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N- 3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (267 mg, 89%). M.p. 85-89° C.; Calcd for C₃₉H₄₈N₆O₄: C 70.46, H 7.28, N 12.64; Found: C 70.25, H 7.62, N 12.34.

EXAMPLE 172

[0921] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (172).

[0922] A solution of 6-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (10.0 g, 64.0 mmol) in 20 ml of xylene was bubbled with methylamine gas at 110° C. for 3 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, 5.3 ml of 1N HCl aqueous solution was added and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 hrs. The organic layer was separated, the water layer was extracted by Et_(2O ()3×30 ml). The organic layers were combined and dried (Na2SO₄). After evaporation of solvent, N-methyl propionylacetamide was obtained as a colorless oil (4.25 g, 51%).

[0923] A solution of N-methyl propionylacetamide (4.25 g, 32.9 mmol) in 30 ml xylene was bubbled with ammonia gas at 110° C. for 2 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with 30 ml of CHCl₃ and dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporation of solvent, N-methyl 3-amino-2-pentenamide was obtained as light-gray oil (4.15 g, 98).

[0924] A solution of 7-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (4.00 g, 10.8 mmol) and N-methyl 3-amino-2-pentenamide (1.52 g, 12.0 mmol) in 50 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine was obtain as a brown oil (5.19 g, 99% yield).

[0925] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (5.19 g, 10.8 mmol) in 20 ml acetone was treated with 30 ml 1N KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (20 ml) and acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 3.21 g (69% yield) of 2-44-azidobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0926] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (500 mg, 1.17 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (450 mg, 2.34 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (280 mg, 2.34 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (420 mg, 1.40 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (449 mg, 54%). M.p. 90-93° C.; Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₈N₈O₄.3/4H₂O: C 66.88, H 6.94, N 15.66; Found: C 66.85, H 6.59, N 15.74.

[0927] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (402 mg, 0.57 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 1.71 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.05 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into AcOEt (50 ml), washed with 6N KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (350 mg, 90%). M.p. 105-109° C.; Calcd for C₄₀H₅₀N₆O₄.1/4H₂O: C 70.30, H 7.45, N 12.30; Found: C 70.20, H 7.31, N 12.21.

EXAMPLE 173

[0928] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (173).

[0929] A solution of methyl 5-bromovalerate (10.0 g, 51.3 mmol), NaOMe (12.3 ml of 25% solution, 53.8 mmol) in 100 ml of MeOH was refluxed for 5 hrs. The MeOH was removed in vacuo and residue was partitioned between CHCl₃ (200 ml) and water (50 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with water (100 ml). After drying (Na SO₄) and evaporation of solvent, methyl 5-methoxyvalerate (7.33 g, 97.8%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

[0930] Methyl 5-methoxyvalerate (7.33 g, 50.2 mmol) and KOH (14.4 g, 0.256 mol) were dissolved into a mixture of 50 ml of water and 150 ml of MeOH. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hrs then MeOH was removed in vacuo. After washed by CHCl₃ (50 ml), the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=1 by 2N HCl and extracted by Et O (2xlOO ml). Organic layers were combined, washed with water (100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 5-methoxyvaleric acid (5.27 g, 79.6%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

[0931] 5-Methoxyvaleric acid (5.27 g, 39.9 mmol) in 15 ml of toluene was treated with oxalyl chloride (12.7 g, 99.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 10 hrs. After removal of toluene in vacuo, crude 5-methoxyvaleric chloride was used for next reaction without further purification.

[0932] To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (5.77 g, 40.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (5.86 g, 44.0 mmol) in 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise the solution of crude 5-methoxyvaleric chloride (6.00 g, 39.9 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr then at room temperature for an additional 1 hr. The solution was washed with iN aqueous HCl (100 ml) and brine (250 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, 5-(5-methoxypentanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was obtained as a light pink oil (9.20 g, 89%).

[0933] 5-(5-Methoxypentanoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione was heated with 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.79 g, 39.2 mmol) at 80° C. until no more CO₂ was released. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with 50 ml of 2-propanol and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (5.40 g, 35.6 mmol), piperidine (150 mg, 1.78 mmol) and acetic acid (110 mg, 1.78 mmol) was added, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hrs. After evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (Sio₂, MeOH:CHCl₂=5:95). 7-Methoxy-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester was obtained as a pale-yellow oil (7.75 g, 60% yield).

[0934] A solution of 7-methoxy-2-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (3.87 g, 10.8 mmol) and N-methyl 3-amino-2-pentenamide (1.52 g, 11.9 mmol) in 40 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=5:95). 3-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (3.60 g, 71% yield).

[0935] A solution of 3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (3.60 g, 7.65 mmol) in 15 ml of acetone was treated with 20 ml of iN aqueous KOH solution at 0C for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 1.99 g (63% yield) of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0936] A solution of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (626 mg, 1.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (575 mg, 3.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (367 mg, 3.00 mmol) in 60 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (530 mg, 1.80 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 30% K₂CO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃: N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (530 mg, 51%). M.p. 98-102° C.; Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₁N₅O₅.H₂O: C 69.17, H 7.50, N 9.84; Found: C 69.10, H 7.43, N 9.89.

EXAMPLE 174

[0937] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (174). A solution of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (626 mg, 1.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (575 mg, 3.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (367 mg, 3.00 mmol) in 60 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (497 mg, 1.80 mmol) in 10 ml of CH₂Cl2 was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (30 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×30 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ ₍30 ml) and brine (30 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂₁ MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. The title compound was obtained as a yellowish powder (512 mg, 51%). M.p. 71-74° C.; Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₉N₅O₇: C 65.75, H 7.31, N 10.36; Found: C 65.47, H 7.37, N 10.22.

EXAMPLE 175

[0938] 5-Carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (175).

[0939] A solution of 7-methoxy-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoic acid 2-cyanoethyl ester (3.87 g, 10.8 mmol) and 3-amino-2-pentenamide (1.36 g, 11.9 mmol) in 40 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCl₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, 5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellow oil (4.00 g, 81% yield).

[0940] A solution of 5-carboxamido-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (4.00 g, 8.76 mmol) in 15 ml of acetone was treated with 25 ml iN aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed with CHCl₃ (15 ml) then acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 1.69 g (48% yield) of 5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0941] A solution of 5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (192 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (295 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 5-Carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(4-methoxybutyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (188 mg, 50%). M.p. 80-84° C.; Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₉N₅O₅.1/2H₂O: C 69.94, H 7.32, N 10.17; Found: C 69.56, H 7.03, N 10.19.

EXAMPLE 176

[0942] 5-Acetyl-2-(4-aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (176).

[0943] A solution of 7-azido-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylene]-3-oxoheptanoicacid2-cyanoethyl ester (1.12 g, 3.00 mmol) and 4-amino-3-penten-2-one (330 mg, 3.30 mmol) in 20 ml of EtOH was refluxed for 48 hrs. After the EtOH was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 150 ml of CHCL₃, washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, the product was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:MeOH=5:95). 5-Acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtain as a yellow oil (1.05 g, 77% yield).

[0944] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.05 g, 2.32 mmol) in 10 ml of acetone was treated with 20 ml of 1N aqueous KOH solution at 0° C. for 1 hr. The acetone was removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH=3 by 2N hydrochloric acid, the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 10 ml of cold water and dried in vacuo to yield 0.60 g (60% yield) of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobuyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow powder.

[0945] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (192 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (162 mg, 0.55 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 10% K₂co₃ (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (Sioz, MeOH: CHCl₃: 1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 5-Acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (126 mg, 37%).

[0946] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (126 mg, 0.19 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.57 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.02 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into 50 ml of AcOEt, washed with 6N aqueous KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 5-Acetyl-2-(4-aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (112 mg, 90%). M.p. 76-79° C.; Calcd for C₃₉H₄₇N₅O₄03/4H₂O: C 70.62, H 7.37, N 10.56; Found: C 70.56, H 6.96, N 10.40.

EXAMPLE 177

[0947] 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (177).

[0948] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (416 mg, 1.04 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (399 mg, 2.08 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (177 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 50 ml of CH₂cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (254 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 10% K₂CO₃ (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O mixture. 2-(4-Azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (340 mg, 52%). M.p. 78-81 QC; Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₂N₈O₆.1/2Et₂O: C 62.14, H 6.81, N 16.10; Found: C 62.42, H 6.33, N 15.85.

[0949] A solution of 2-(4-azidobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (150 mg, 0.23 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.72 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.02 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into 50 ml of AcOEt, washed with 6N KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (110 mg, 76%). M.p. 81-84° C.; Calcd for C₃₄H₄₄N₆O₆: C 64.54, H 7.01, N 13.28; Found: C 64.29, H 6.87, N 13.22.

EXAMPLE 178

[0950] 5-Acetyl-2-(4-aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (178).

[0951] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.50 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (192 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (122 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature. After 1 hr, a solution of 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (152 mg, 0.55 mmol) in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was washed with water (20 ml), saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (3×20 ml), 10% KZCO₃ (20 ml) and brine (20 ml). After dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporation of solvent, a yellowish oil was obtained, which was purified by chromatography (SiO₂, MeOH:CHCl₃:1N NH₃ in MeOH, 6:90:3) and precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture.

[0952] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-(4-azidobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (118 mg, 0.18 mmol) in 5 ml of AcOEt was treated with 0.54 ml of 1M trimethylphosphine THF solution. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs then 0.02 ml of water was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 1.5 hrs. After most volatile materials were removed in vacuo, residue was dissolved into 50 ml of AcOEt, washed with 6N KOH (50 ml) and brine (50 ml), then dried over K₂CO₃. After filtration and evaporation of solvent, product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂/hexane mixture. 5-Acetyl-2-(4-aminobutyl)-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was obtained as a yellowish powder (98 mg, 86%). M.p. 62-65° C.; Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N₅O₆: C 66.54, H 7.18, N 11.09; Found: C 66.34, H 7.40, N 10.87.

EXAMPLE 179

[0953] 4-Methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0954] To a stirred solution of H₂SO₄ (16 mL) in MeOH (400 mL), 4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (37.7 g, 0.1 mole) was added and the mixture was stirred and refluxed for 8 hours. Excess methanol was evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue was poured into a mixture of ice and 6N NaOH. The pH was adjusted to 10-11 by adding more 6N NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×150 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent evaporated to leave the desired product as a viscous oil. The ¹H-NMR showed it to be pure (20.2 g, 92%) and was used without any further purification.

[0955] 3-(4-Methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine.

[0956] A mixture of 4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (8.5 g, 0.039 mol), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (12.7 g, 0.058 mol), potassium carbonate (13.475 g, 0.0957 mole), and KI (3.24 g, 0.0195 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 24 hours. Dioxane was evaporated at reduced pressure, the residue was treated with ice-cold 6N NaOH (400 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×120 mL). Solvent was evaporated from the combined dried (K₂CO₃) extracts and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (20:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a viscous oil (7.8 g, 72%).

[0957] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-mathoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (179).

[0958] A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophe nyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.417 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.12 g, 0.626 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.056 g 0.459 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (0.1268 g, 0.459 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (90:8:5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.118 g, 46%); mp 86-87° C. Anal. Calcd for CH₄₃N₅ ₆. 0.8 H₂O: C, 64.60; H, 7.11; N, 11.08. Found: C, 64.63; H, 6.90; N, 10.98.

EXAMPLE 180

[0959] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbo xamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (180).

[0960] A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.1557 g, 0.417 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.12 g, 0.626 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.056 g, 0.459 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (0.1268 g, 0.459 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (90:8:5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.115 g, 43.7%); mp 217° C.(d). Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N,0₆. 0.1 CHCl₃: C, 65.49; H, 7.06; N, 10.88. Found: C, 65.23; H, 6.81; N, 10.65.

EXAMPLE 181

[0961] 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine.

[0962] To a stirred solution of H₂SO₄ (1.62 g, 16.56 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL), 4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (25 g, 66.23 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred and refluxed for 12 h. Excess ethanol was evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue was poured into a mixture of ice and 6N NaOH. The pH was adjusted to 10-11 by adding more 6N NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent evaporated to leave the desired product as a colorless viscous oil, the ¹H-NMR showed it to be pure (14.68 g, 95%) and was used without any further purification.

[0963] 3-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine.

[0964] A mixture of 4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (30.5 g, 0.131 mol), 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide (42.93 g, 0.196 mol), potassium carbonate (36.14 g, 0.241 mole), and KI (10.8 g, 0.065 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (500 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 24 hours. Dioxane was evaporated at reduced pressure, the residue was treated with ice-cold 6N NaOH (400 mL) and extracted with CH₂cl₂ (4×120 mL). Solvent was evaporated from the combined dried (K₂C0₃) CH₂Cl₂ extracts and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (20:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a viscous oil (24.2 g, 83.3%).

[0965] 2,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido -4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (181).

[0966] A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.417 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.12 g, 0.626 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.056 g, 0.459 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.1333 g, 0.459 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl2, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (90:8:5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.090 g, 34.2%); mp 95-97° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N₅0₆. 0.8 CH₃0H: C, 65.41; H, 7.39; N, 10.65. Found: C, 65.65; H, 7.11; N, 10.35.

EXAMPLE 182

[0967] 1,6-Diethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-othoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-4(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (182).

[0968] A mixture of 2,6-diethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(N-ethyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.1557 g, 0.417 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.12 g, 0.626 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.056 g, 0.459 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.1333 g, 0.459 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl₂ solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (90:8:5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.115 g, 43%); mp 103-104° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₆.1.0 H₂O: C, 65.14; H, 7.44; N, 10.55. Found: C, 65.02; H, 7.25; N, 10.42.

EXAMPLE 183

[0969] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{ N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (183).

[0970] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophen-yl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.373 mmol), DCC (0.1539 g, 0.746 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.050 g, 0.410 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.1237 g, 0.447 mmol) in CH Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:3:1.5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.208 g, 84.5%); mp 71-72° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃.H₄₀N₈O₇.1.2 H₂O: C, 58.09; H, 6.26; N, 16.42. Found: C, 58.31; H, 6.25; N, 16.16.

EXAMPLE 184

[0971] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-[3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (184).

[0972] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.373 mmol), DCC (0.1539 g, 0.746 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.050 g, 0.410 mml), and 3-{4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-lyllpropylamine (0.1452 g, 0.448 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:3:1.5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.214 g, 81%); mp 105-107° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₄N₈O₆.0.62 CHCl₃: C, 59.26; H, 5.74; N, 14.31. Found: C, 59.21; H, 5.93; N, 14.31.

EXAMPLE 185

[0973] 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (185).

[0974] To a stirred solution of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N -[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidinl-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.165 g, 0.249 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.62 mL, 0.62 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.022 mL, 1.249 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (10:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.075 g, 53%); mp 121-122° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₂N₆O₇. 0.66 CHCl₃. 0.66 H₂O: C, 55.73; H, 6.11; N, 11.59. Found: C, 55.44; H, 6.31; N, 11.88.

EXAMPLE 186

[0975]

[0976]2-E (2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (186).

[0977] To a stirred solution of 2-[ (2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-{N-[3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.17 g, 0.239 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.6 mL, 0.6 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.022 mL, 1.249 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (10:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.080 g, 49%); mp 141-142° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₆N₆O₆. 0.9 CHCl₃. 0.9 NH₄Cl: C, 55.72; H, 6.07; N, 11.52. Found: C, 55.68; H, 6.22; N, 11.31.

EXAMPLE 187

[0978] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4nitrophenyl)pyridine (187).

[0979] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.4839 g, 1.46 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.5598 g, 2.92 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.2675 g, 2.19 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (0.444 g, 1.607 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂′ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄).

[0980] Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.605 mg, 70.3%); mp 122-123° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₉N₅O₆. 0.3 C₄H₁₀O.0.9 H₂O: C, 63.48; H, 7.03; N, 11.15. Found: C, 63.76; H, 7.28; N, 11.31.

EXAMPLE 188

[0981] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamide-5-(N-methyl)carboxam ido-4-(4nitrophenyl)pyridine (188).

[0982] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2 ,6-dimethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.450 g, 1.36 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.5207 g, 2.72 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.2859 g, 2.34 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.473 g, 1.63 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 210 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×30 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:3.5:1.75) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.600 g, 73%); mp 112-113° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₁N₅O₆. 0.075 C₆H₁₂ 0.O.75 H₂O: C, 64.43; H, 7.02; N, 11.23. Found: C, 64.29; H, 7.04; N, 10.95.

EXAMPLE 189

[0983] 2-[(2-Azideothoxy)methyl]-5-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbox amido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine.

[0984] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-(2-cyanoethoxy-carbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.06 g, 2.25 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.864 g, 4.507 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.550 g, 4.507 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.784 g, 2.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂₁ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:3:1.5) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (1.24 g, 74%). The ¹H-NMR showed this product to be pure and was used in the subsequent step without any further purification.

[0985] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (189).

a well-stirred solution of 2-(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbox amido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.29 g, 1.74 mmol) in dioxane (25 mL) at 0° C., aqueous 1N NaOH (5.21 mL, 5.21 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued. After 30 min, solvent was evaporated at reduced pressure at 0° C. and to the residue 1N HCl was added to adjust the pH to 6-7. The yellow precipitate formed was filtered and dried under vacuum. The filtrate was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent evaporated. The combined yield was 1.18 g (96.7%); mp 109-110° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₃N₇O₈. 0.4 C₄H₈O₂0.6 NaCl: C, 57.82; H, 6.13; N, 12.90. Found: C, 57.66; H, 6.19; N, 12.70.

EXAMPLE 190

[0986] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (190).

[0987] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidinl-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.145 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.056 g, 0.29 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0354 g, 0.29 mmol), and 40% aqueous NH₃ (0.064 g, 0.725 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted to 170 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.083 g, 83%); mp 63-64° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₄N₈O₇. 0.3 C₆H₁₂ 05 H₂O: C 60.53; H, 6.82; N, 15.34. Found: C, 60.69; H, 6.65; N, 15.08.

EXAMPLE 191

[0988] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-(N-methyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (191).

[0989] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.145 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.056 g, 0.29 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0354 g, 0.29 mmol), and aqueous 40% methylamine (0.0563 g, 0.725 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted to 170 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.086 g, 84.4%); mp 67-68° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₆N₈O₇. 0.4 H₂O: C, 60.90; H, 6.64; N, 15.78. Found: C, 60.95; H, 6.42; N, 15.42.

EXAMPLE 192

[0990] 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-3-(N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl -piperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (192).

[0991] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl }carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.145 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.056 g, 0.29 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0354 g, 0.29 mmol), and aqueous 70% methylamine (0.0373 g, 0.58 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted to 170 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution, the residue was redissolved in EtOAc (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. To this, a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.32 mL, 0.32 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.0095 mL, 0.53 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (18:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.091 g, 91%); mp 112-114° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₅₀N₆0₈. 0.18 C₆H₁₄. 1.8 H₂O: C, 61.94; H. 7.61; N, 13.38. Found: C, 61.97; H, 7.59; N, 11.19.

EXAMPLE 193

[0992] 2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (193).

[0993] To a stirred solution of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-5-carboxami do-3-{N-3-(4-ethoxycarbony -4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.073 g, 0.106 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.32 mL, 0.32 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.0095 mL, 0.53 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (25:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.027 g, 38.4%); mp 87-89° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₆N₆O₇. 0.4 CHCl₃: C, 59.84; H, 6.58; N, 11.83. Found: C, 59.74; H, 6.85; N, 11.56.

EXAMPLE 194

[0994] 2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethy 1-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (194).

[0995] To a stirred solution of 2- [(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-(N-methyl) carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.076 g, 0.108 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.32 mL, 0.32 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.0095 mL, 0.53 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (25:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.018 g, 24.6%); mp 51-53 ° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₈N₆O₇. 0.12 C₆H₁₂. 1.2 H₂O: C, 62.25; H, 7.37; N, 11.86. Found: C, 62.02; H, 7.12; N, 11.58.

EXAMPLE 195

[0996] 2-[(2-Azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (195).

[0997] A mixture of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-yl}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.145 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.056 g, 0.29 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0354 g, 0.29 mmol), and methanol (0.046 g, 1.45 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted to 160 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:2:1) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.082 g, 80.4%); mp 56-57° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₅N₇O₈. 0.54 CHCl₃: C, 57.13; H, 5.97; N, 12.76. Found: C, 57.39; H, 6.14; N, 12.41.

EXAMPLE 196

[0998] 2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (196).

[0999] To a stirred solution of 2- [ (2-azidoethoxy)methy-3-{N-[ 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethy 1-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.050 g, 0.0725 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.217 mL, 0.217 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.0095 mL, 0.53 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 h, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (25:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.018 g, 37.4%); mp 103-105° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N₅O₈. 0.35 CHCl₃: C, 60.18; H, 6.48; N, 9.93. Found: C, 60.08; H, 6.42; N, 10.07.

EXAMPLE 197

[1000] 2-[(2-Aminoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (197).

[1001] To a stirred solution of 2-[(2-azidoethoxy)methyl]-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbon-yl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.092 g, 0.13 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0° C. a solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (1 M, 0.65 mL, 0.65 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Water (0.047 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3 hours, solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (25:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.020 g, 22.7%); mp 45-47° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₈. 0.8 H₂O: C, 62.47; H, 7.08; N, 10.12. Found: C, 62.58; H, 7.01; N, 9.86.

EXAMPLE 198

[1002] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (198).

[1003] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.60 g, 1.89 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.725 g, 3.78 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.462 g, 3.78 mmol), and 3 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.679 g, 2.457 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.730 g, 67%); mp 120-121° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₅O₆. 0.7 C₆H₁₂. 1.05 H₂O: C, 64.70; H, 7.33; N, 10.72. Found: C, 64.71; H, 7.25; N, 10.50.

EXAMPLE 199

[1004] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (199).

[1005] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.60 g, 1.89 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.725 g, 3.78 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.462 g, 3.78 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.714 g, 2.46 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.660 g, 59.3%); mp 118-120° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₂N₅O₆. 0.5 C₆H₁₂. 0.5 H₂O: C, 65.61; H, 7.24; N, 10.93. Found: C, 65.67; H, 7.25; N, 10.69.

EXAMPLE 200

[1006] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-diethyl-3-{N-[3-4-methaxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (200).

[1007] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-diethyl-4--(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.80 g, 2.415 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.926 g, 4.289 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.524 g, 4.289 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbony1-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (0.80 g, 2.898 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.950 g, 70%); mp 112-114° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₁N₅O₆.0.37 C₄H₁₀O.0.41 H₂O: C, 64.86; H, 7.18; N, 10.97. Found: C, 65.13; H, 7.09; N, 10.68.

EXAMPLE 201

[1008] 5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (201).

[1009] A mixture of 5-acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.70 g, 2.21 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.849 g, 4.43 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.541 g, 4.43 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (0.732 g, 2.65 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂₁ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL) and dried (MgSo₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.880 g, 70%); mp 94-95° C. Anal. Calcd for CC₃₂H₃₈HN₄O₆. 0.4 H₂O: C, 66.11; H, 6.72; N, 9.63. Found: C, 65.93; H, 6.55; N, 9.53.

EXAMPLE 202

[1010] 5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (202).

[1011] A mixture of 5-acetyl-1,4- dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.70 g, 2.21mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.849 g, 4.43 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.541 g, 4.43 mmol), and 3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propylamine (0.770 g, 2.65 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂′ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCL₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.890 g, 68.4%); mp 87-88° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₆. 0.6 H₂O: C, 66.11; H, 6.93; N, 9.35. Found: C, 65.95; H, 6.84; N, 9.22.

[1012] 202 (−) and 202 (+):

[1013] (−)-5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitr phenyl)pyridine and (+)-5-Acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carbox amido-4(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine.

[1014] Racemic 5-acetyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]} carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine was separated on a chiral HPLC column Chiralpak AS (20×250 mm) as follows: The column was pre-equilibrated with 10% EtOH in hexane at 40° C. with an isocratic elution of 9 mL/minutes. The racemate (ca 20 mg) was dissolved in 1:2 ethanol/hexane (10 mL) and injected. Ten injections were made to obtain about 100 mg of each enantiomers. The first enantiomer to elute was the (−)-enantiomer (retention time, about 43 to 49 min) and the second major peak accounted for the (+)-enantiomer (retention time, about 57-67 min). Solvents were evaporated and the products were dried under vacuum. (−)-enantiomer: [α]_(D)=−151.24 (MeOH, 1;45 g/100 mL); mp 89-90° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₆: C, 67.33; H, 6.85; N, 9.52. Found: C, 67.12; H, 6.87; N, 9.33 .

[1015] (+)-enantiomer: [α]_(D)=+146.5 (MeOH, 1.40 g/100 mL); mp 89-90° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₆: C, 67.33; H, 6.85; N, 9.52. Found: C, 67.09; H, 6.68; N, 9.33.

EXAMPLE 203

[1016] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carbo xamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (203).

[1017] A mixture of 5-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.568 g, 4.22 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (-1.62 g, 8.44 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (1.03 g, 8.44 mmol), and 3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propylamine (1.40 g, 5.066 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 200 mL with CH₂Cl₂ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purif ied by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (1.76 g, 66%); mp 73-74° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₃₉N₅O₇.0.25 CH₂Cl₂. 1.25 H₂O: C, 61.59; H, 6.26; N, 10.43. Found: C, 61.23; H, 6.05; N, 10.21.

EXAMPLE 204

[1018] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (204).

[1019] To a well-stirred solution of 5-(2-cyano-ethoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-4-methoxy carbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (1.70 g, 2.70 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) at 0° C., aqueous 1N NaOH (5.4 mL) was added and the stirring was continued. After 30 min, most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and residue was treated with ice-cold 1N HCl to adjust the pH to 6-7. The yellow precipitate formed was filtered and dried under vacuum (1.35 g, 86%); mp 139-141° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₄O₇. 0.4 CHCl₃. 1.6 H₂O: C, 57.74; H, 6.11; N, 8.58. Found: C, 57.98; H, 6.31; N, 10.41.

EXAMPLE 205

[1020] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(N-ethyl)carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (205).

[1021] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3 { N-3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.70 g, 1.222 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.469 g, 2.445 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.299 g, 2.445 mmol), and 70% aqueous ethylamine (0.275 g, 4.277 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 14 hours, diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.36 g, 41.5%); mp 117-118° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₁N₅O₆. 0.25 C₆H₁₂. 5 CH₂Cl₂. 0.25 H₂O: C, 65.51; H, 7.10; N, 11.05. Found: C, 65.66; H, 7.34; N, 10.75.

EXAMPLE 206

[1022] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (206).

[1023] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 9.1 0.174 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0666 g, 0.347 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0424 g, 0.347 mmol), and methanol (1 mL) in CH₂cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.045 g, 44%); mp 83-84° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₄O₇.0.2 C₆H₁₂. 0.4 H₂O: C, 64.87; H, 6.76; N, 9.11. Found: C, 65.01; H, 6.68; N, 8.82.

EXAMPLE 207

[1024] 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (207).

[1025] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.174 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0666 g, 0.347 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0424 g, 0.347 mmol), and ethylene glycol (1 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl2 solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.052 g, 48%); mp 90-91° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₈. 0.8 H₂O: C, 62.41; H, 6.60; N, 8.82. Found: C, 62.65; H, 6.86; N, 8.54.

EXAMPLE 208

[1026] 1,4-Dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-{N-[3-4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (208).

[1027] A mixture of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.174 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0666 g, 0.347 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0424 g, 0.347 mmol), and ethanol (1 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 150 mL with CH₂Cl₂₁ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.055 g, 53%); mp 73-75° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₇. 0.25 C₆H₁₂. 0.5 H₂O: C, 65.28; H, 6.99; N, 8.83. Found: C, 65.40; H, 7.03; N, 8.66.

EXAMPLE 209

[1028] 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) pyridine (209).

[1029] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.415 g, 1.31 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.502 g, 2.62 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.640 g, 5.24 mmol), and 3-{4-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl}prop-ylamine.HCl (0.508 g, 1.31 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted to 190 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×40 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.487 g, 60.5%); mp 99-101° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₆O₆.0.55 CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.93; H, 5.96; N, 12.71. Found: C, 60.94; H, 5.77; N, 12.66.

EXAMPLE 210

[1030] 5-Carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-carboxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl3}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (210).

a stirred solution of 5-carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-(2-cyano-ethoxycarbonyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]} carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.394 g, 0.641 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) at 0° C., aqueous 1N sodium hydroxide (1.92 mL, 1.92 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. TLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed the completion of the reaction after 2 hours. Solvent was evaporated from the reaction mixture and the residue was redissolved in water (1 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 5-6 by the addition of 1N HCl. The brown precipitate formed was filtered and dried under vacuum (0.252 g, 70%); mp 208-210° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₅N₅O₆. 0.43 NaCl.1.0 H₂O: C, 59.57; H, 6.17; N, 11.58. Found: C, 59.57; H, 6.17; N, 11.48.

EXAMPLE 211

[1031] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (211).

[1032] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-carboxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.080 g, 0.142 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0546 g, 0.284 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.0347 g, 0.284 mmol), and 2-methoxyethanol (0.0324 g, 0.426 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 50 mL with CH₂Cl₂′ washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×10 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.032 g, 36%); mp 79-80° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₄₁N₅O₇: C, 63.96; H, 6.67; N, 11.30. Found: C, 64.23; H, 6.45; N, 11.03.

EXAMPLE 212

[1033] 5-Carboxamido-114-dihydro-216-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (212).

[1034] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-3-{N-[3-(4-carboxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]} carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl) p yridine (0.055 g, 0.098 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0375 g, 0.196 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.024 g, 0.196 mmol), and ethylene glycol (0.0182 g, 0.294 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 50 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×10 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.038 g, 64%); mp 116-118° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₉N₅O₇ . 0.6 CHCl₃: C, 57.81; H, 5.89; N, 10.34. Found: C, 57.68; H, 5.93; N, 10.23.

EXAMPLE 213

[1035] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-{N-[3-(4-phenoxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (213).

[1036] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-3-{N-3-(4-carboxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (0.050 g, 0.098 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.0375 g, 0.196 mmol), 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.024 g, 0.196 mmol), and phenol (0.028 g, 0.294 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 14 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was diluted to 50 mL with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution (3×10 mL), and dried (MgSO₄). Solvent was evaporated from the CH₂Cl₂ solution and the product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CHCl₃/MeOH/2M NH₃ in MeOH (100:4:2) as the eluent to afford the product as a yellow powder (0.048 g, 77%); mp 121-122° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₃₉N₅O₆. 0.35 CHCl₃: C, 64.25; H, 5.84; N, 10.31. Found: C, 64.10; H, 5.86; N, 10.07.

EXAMPLE 214

[1037] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-3-(N-(3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)methyleno-3-oxo-1-butanamide:

[1038] A mixture of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (15.1 g, 100 mmol), acetoacetamide (10.1 g, 100 mmol), piperidine (0.852 g, 10 mmol), and HOAC (0.601 g, 10 mmol) in 250 mL of isopropanol were stirred at room temperature for 13 hours. The precipitated product was filtered, washed with 50 mL of isopropanol and 2×50 mL of ether, and air dried to give 20.1 g (86%) of the desired product as a slightly yellow solid: mp 148-155° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1039] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic Acid:

[1040] A mixture of 5-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dione-1,3-dioxane (7.24 g, 26.7 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (3.80 g, 53.4 mmol) in 50 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 2 hours, cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was charged with ammonium acetate (2.26 g, 29.4 mmol) and ethanol (50 mL) and heated at reflux temperature for 0.5 hour. 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)methyleno-3-oxo-1-butanamide (4.38 g, 18.7 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and heated at reflux temperature for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature, NaOH (139 mg), in 10 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture, and stirred for 3 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was partitioned between water (50 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL), separated, extracted with 2×50 mL of water, the combined aqueous extracts were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH 3-4), extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was precipitated from a mixture of EtOAc-hexane to give 1.15 g of the desired acid as a yellow solid: mp 160-165° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1041] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-3-(N-(3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (214):

[1042] A mixture of 2-(2-azidoethyl) oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid 150 mg, 0.373 mmol), DCC (154 mg, 0.746 mmol), DMAP (36 mg, 0.300 mmol), and 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine (110 mg, 0.450 mmol) in 7 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at reflux temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, redissolved in 10 mL of ethyl acetate, filtered, solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 300 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9) to give 133 mg (60%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 81° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇N₉O₅+0.2CHCl₃: C, 59.36; H, 5.75; N, 19.35. Found: C, 59.74; H, 5.69; N, 19.08

EXAMPLE 215

[1043] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-3-(N-(3-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine (215):

[1044] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-3-(N-(3-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl -4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (100 mg, 0.160 mmol) in 5 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.40 mL, 0.40 mmol), and water (14 mL, 0.80 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 77 mg (80%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 101° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₆+0.5CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.60; H, 6.26; N, 15.22. Found: C, 60.65; H, 6.12; N, 15.37.

EXAMPLE 216

[1045] 2-((Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (216):

[1046] A mixture of 2-(2-azidoethyl) oxy) methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.373 mmol), DCC (154 mg, 0.746 mmol), DMAP (36 mg, 0.300 mmol), and 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-phenylpiperidine (87 mg, 0.400 mmol) in 7 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at reflux temperature for 4 hours, and then at room temperature for 17 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, redissolved in 10 mL of ethyl acetate, filtered, washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution (3×3 mL), brine (3 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 300 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:3). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:3) to give 133 mg (60%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 76° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇N₉O₅+0.12CHCl₃: C, 60.58; H, 6.23; N, 18.16. Found: C, 60.76; H, 6.22; N, 17.76.

EXAMPLE 217

[1047] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (217):

[1048] To a solution of 2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3 _(N -(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-ni tro)phenylpyridine (116 mg, 0.170 mmol) in 5 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.43 mL, 0.43 mmol), stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes, and water (15 mL, 0.85 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 150 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 88 mg (80%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 130-140° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₆+0.7CH₂Cl₂: C, 63.58; H, 6.42; N, 11.80. Found: C, 63.56; H, 6.62; N, 11.55.

EXAMPLE 218

[1049] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4,4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (218):

[1050] To a solution of 2-((2-(azidoethyl) xy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl))carboxamidopyridine (88 mg, 0.146 mmol) in 6 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.37 mL, 0.37 mmol), and water (13 mL, 0.73 mmol) was added. After 15 minutes, a precipitate was formed which redissolved after addition of 4.5 mL of dry THF. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 140 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 65 mg (80%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 125° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₆+0.35CH₂Cl₂: C, 62.09; H, 6.76; N, 13.86. Found: C, 62.22; H, 6.88; N, 13.51.

EXAMPLE 219

[1051] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (219):

[1052] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (38 mg, 0.055 mmol) in 4 mL of THF-EtOAc (1:3) at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.14 mL, 0.14 mmol), and water (12 mL, 0.67 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 75 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:7). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:7) to give 30 mg (82%) of the desired product as a yellow solid. The chromatographed contained small amounts of an impurity. The product was precipitated from a mixture of EtOH-EtOAc: mp 180° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₆+1.4H₂O+0.7CHCl₃: C, 59.86; H, 6.29; N, 9.02. Found: C, 59.89; H, 6.09; N, 8.77.

EXAMPLE 220

[1053] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-3-(N-(3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (220):

[1054] A mixture of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.361 mmol), DCC (149 mg, 0.722 mmol), and DMAP (35 mg, 0.289 mmol) in 12 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before addition of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine (114 mg, 0.469 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 300 g of silica (MeOH-EtOAc, 1:29) to give 196 mg of the title compound (85%) as a yellow solid: mp 58-68° C.; Anal Calcd for C₃₅H₄₀N₆O₆+0.7H₂O: C, 64.34; H, 6.39; N, 12.86. Found: C, 64.69; H, 6.50; N, 12.49.

EXAMPLE 221

[1055] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (221):

[1056] A mixture of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.361 mmol), DCC (149 mg, 0.722 mmol), and DMAP (35 mg, 0.289 mmol) in 8 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperaturre for 0.5 hour before addition of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-phenylpiperidine (103 mg, 0.469 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 120 g of silica (MeOH-EtOAc, 1:9) to give 200 mg of the title compound (90%) as a yellow solid: mp 55-63° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₄₁N₅O₆+0.5H₂O: C, 65.37; H, 6.78; N, 11.21. Found: C, 65.23; H, 6.77; N, 10.94.

EXAMPLE 222

[1057] 3-(N-(3-(4-Cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (222):

[1058] To a solution of 3-(N-(3-(4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-2-methyloxymethylpyridine (170 mg, 0.265 mmol in 3 mL of dioxane was added water containing NaOH (16 mg, 0.398 mmol). After 2 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in water (20 mL), acidified with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (pH=3-4), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 150 mg (96%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 115° C. (decomp.): Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇N₅O₆+1.0H₂O+0.5CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.23; H, 6.22; N, 10.81. Found: C, 60.35; H, 6.20; N, 10.76.

EXAMPLE 223

[1059] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N -(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (223):

[1060] To a solution of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-methyloxymethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N -(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (110 mg, 0.180 mmol in 2 mL of dioxane was added 0.70 mL of water containing NaOH (11 mg, 0.270 mmol). After 2.5 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in water (8 mL), acidified with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (pH=5), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×8 mL). The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 100 mg (100%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 88° C3 (decomp.): Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇N₅O₆+0.4CH₂Cli: C, 63.21; H, 6.55; N, 9.39. Found: C, 63.21; H, 6.60; N, 8.92.

EXAMPLE 224

[1061] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxzmidopyridine (224):

[1062] A mixture of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro- 4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.144 mmol), DCC (48 mg, 0.231 mmol), and DMAP (122 mg, 14.1 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour followed by addition of 40% methylamine in water (0.123 mL, 1.44 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of EtOAc, sequentially washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (3×2 mL), water (2 mL), aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution (3 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:4). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:4) to afford 88 mg (90%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 95° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₆8₈O₅+1.7H₂O: C, 63.52; H, 6.75; N, 15.19. Found: C, 63.46; H, 6.32; N, 14.82.

EXAMPLE 225

[1063] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(3-(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyrid ine (225):

[1064] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(3(N-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (75 mg, 0.11 mmol) in 5 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me) ₃P in THF (0.44 mL, 0.44 mmol), and water (20 mL, 1.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1 L of 1:2:17 and 1 L of 1:2:15) to give 60 mg (83%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 115° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₈N₆O₅+1.0H₂O: C, 67.03; H, 7.21; N, 12.03. Found: C, 66.98; H, 7.18; N, 11.54.

EXAMPLE 226

[1065] 2-((2-Azidoethyl) oxy) methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy) carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (226):

[1066] A mixture of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1.00 g, 2.13 mmol), DCC (877 mg, 4.25 mmol), and DMAP 208 mg, 1.70 mmol) in 40 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes followed by addition of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (630 mg, 2.28-mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 hours, filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The product was chromatographed on 750 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9) to afford 1.33 g (84%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 54-60° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₄N₈O₈: C, 60.97; H, 6.10; N, 15.37. Found: C, 60.81; H. 6.24; N, 15.12.

EXAMPLE 227

[1067] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (227):

[1068] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) )carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (1.30 g, 1.78 mmol) in 10 mL of dioxane was added NaOH (75 mg, 1.87 mmol) in 5 mL of water. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of water, acidified with 1 N HCl solution (pH=5), the precipitated solids were filtered, and dried (MgSO₄) to give 1.20 g (100%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 110-120° C.: Anal calcd for C₃₄H₄₁N₇O₈+1.5H₂O: C, 58.11; H, 6.31; N, 13.95. Found: C, 58.38; H, 5.99; N, 13.85.

EXAMPLE 228

[1069] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (228):

[1070] A solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.148 mmol), DCC (61 mg, 0.296 mmol), and DMAP (14 mg, 0.118 mmol) in 4 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour, the reaction mixture was charged with 0.13 mL of 40% MeNH₂ in water, and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:6). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:6) to give 71 mg (70%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 73-83° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₄N₈O₇+0.2H₂O: C, 59.90; H, 6.34; N, 15.88. Found: C, 59.74; H, 6.50; N, 15.60

EXAMPLE 229

[1071] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (229):

[1072] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carbo xamido-5-N-methylcarboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (54 mg, 0.078 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.30 mL, 0.30 mmol), and water (14 mL, 0.78 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15) to give 44 mg (85%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 95° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₆N₆O₇+1.0H₂O: C, 61.75; H, 7.11; N, 12.34. Found: C, 61.74; H, 7.10; N, 12.02.

EXAMPLE 230

[1073] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-N-ethylcarboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (230):

[1074] A solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (120 mg, 0.178 mmol), DCC (73 mg, 0.36 mmol), and DMAP (17 mg, 0.118 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours, the reaction mixture was charged with 0.144 mL of 70% EtNH₂ in water (1.78 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of EtOAc, sequentially washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (5 mL), water (5 mL), aqueous saturated sodium carbonate solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9) to give 50 mg (45%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 70° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₆N₈O₇+1.0H₂O: C, 59.99; H, 6.71; N, 15.55. Found: C, 60.02; H, 6.79; N, 14.56.

EXAMPLE 231

[1075] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (231):

[1076] A mixture of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (120 mg, 0.178 mmol), DCC (73 mg, 0.36 mmol), and DMAP (17 mg, 0.118 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours, the reaction mixture was charged with 1.78 mL of 58% NH₄OH in water (1.78 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in 10 mL of EtOAc, sequentially washed with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (5 mL), water (5 mL), aqueous saturated sodium carbonate solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9) to give 50 mg (42%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 70-75° C.; Anal. Calcd for C34H₄₂N₈0₇+1.0H20: C, 58.95; H, 6.40; N, 16.17. Found: C, 58.86; H, 6.19; N, 15.81.

EXAMPLE 232

[1077] 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-3-(N-(3 (4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carbo xamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (232):

[1078] A mixture of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperid-in-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (120 mg, 0.178 mmol), DCC (73.3 mg, 0.353 mmol), and DMAP (17.4 mg, 0.142 mmol) in 5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was charged with methanol (72 ml, 9.6 mg, 1.78 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:19) to give 91 mg (74%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 50-60° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₃N₇O₈+0.5H₂O: C, 60.16; H, 6.35; N, 14.03. Found: C, 60.33; H, 6.51; N, 13.84.

EXAMPLE 233

[1079] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-N-ethylcarboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (233):

[1080] To a solution of 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-5-N-ethylcarboxamido-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carboxamido-4-(4-nitro) phenylpyridine (30 mg, 0.043 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.17 mL, 0.17 mmol), and water (8 mL, 0.43 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12) to give 25 mg (86%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 112° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₈N₆O₇+0.5H₂O+0.5CH₂Cl₂: C, 60.20; H, 6.92; N, 11.54. Found: C, 60.14; H, 7.31; N, 11.23.

EXAMPLE 234

[1081] 2-((2-Aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-earboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (234):

[1082] To a solution of 2-((2-Azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (30 mg, 0.044 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.18 mL, 0.18 mmol), and water (16 mL, 0.88 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15) to give 44 mg (95%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 115° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₆N₆O₇+1.0H₂O+0.2CH₂CC₂: C, 60.08; H, 6.84; N, 12.29. Found: C, 60.37; H, 6.96; N, 11.98.

EXAMPLE 235

[1083] 2-((2-Aminoethyl) oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-metho xycarbonyl-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (235):

[1084] To a solution of 2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (65 mg, 0.094 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.38 mL, 0.38 mmol), and water (34 mL, 1.88 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:30). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:15) to give 55 mg (88%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 70° C. (decomp.).

[1085] The hydrochlride salt was prepared by dissolving 5 mg of 2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-metho xycarbonyl-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine in 2 mL of dichloromethane and 2 mL of 1 N HCl in ether was added, the precipitated product was collected, and dried: mp 140° C.(decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N₅O₈+2.OHCl+1.5H₂O: C, 55.05; H, 6.60; N, 9.17. Found: C, 54.80; H, 6.22; N, 8.58.

EXAMPLE 236

[1086] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine (236) 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)methylenepentane-2,4-dione:

[1087] A mixture of pentane-2,4-dione (20.0 g, 200 mmol), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (30.2 g, 200 mmol), piperidine (1.70 g, 20.0 mmol), and HOAc (1.20 g, 20.0 mmol) in 500 mL of isopropanol were heated with a heat gun until a homogeneous solution resulted. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The precipitated solids were filtered, sequentially washed with isopropanol and ether, and air dried to give 28.3 g of the title compound. The filtrate also yielded 5.10 g of 3-(4-nitrophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione for a combined yield of 72%: mp 90-91° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1088] 3-Azidopropanol:

[1089] A mixture of 3-chloropropanol (100 g, 1.06 mol), sodium azide (103 g, 1.59 mol), NaOH (636 mg, 15.9 mol), and NaI (2.39 g, 15.9 mmol) in a mixture of H₂O-EtOH (2:1, 750 mL) were stirred at 60-65° C. (bath temperature) for 3 days. The reaction mixture was cooled, extracted with EtOAc (3×250 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was remove in vacuo. The crude product was distilled under reduced pressure to give 98.6 g (92%) of 3-azidopropanol as a colorless oil: bp 56-58 (0.2 mmHg). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1090] (3-Azidopropyl)oxyacetic Acid:

[1091] A solution of 3-azidopropanol (70.1 g, 0.693 mol) in 100 mL of THF was added dropwise, in a period of 1.5 hours, to a mechanically stirred suspension of NaH (60% in mineral oil, 30.5 g, 0.763 mol) in 250 mL of THF. During the addition of 3-azidopropanol, a gentle reflux was maintained. This was followed by addition of solid NaI (10.4 g, 69.3 mmol), and tetrabutylammonium bromide (22.3 g, 69.3 mmol), and sodium chloroacetate (88.8 g, 0.763 mol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 19 hours, cooled, quenched initially with 20 mL of water (added dropwise) and then with 700 mL of water, washed with EtOAc (3×200 mL), acidified with concentrated HCl to pH=2, and extracted with dichloromethane (6×100 mL). The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 63.3 g (58%) of the title compound as a yellow viscous oil. The crude product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1092] 5-((3-Azidopropyl)oxy)acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dione-1,3-dioxane:

[1093] Carbonyldiimidazole (71.7 g, 0.442 mol) was added portionwise to a stirred solution of (3-azidopropyl)oxyacetic acid (63.1 g, 0.402 mol) in 300 mL of dry dichloromethane (bubbling). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. A solution of pyridine (35.8 mL, 0.442 mol) and Meldrum's acid (63.7 g, 0.442 mol) in 150 mL of dry dichloromethane were added, over a period of 2 hours to the reaction mixture (slightly exothermic reaction). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours, quenched with 400 mL of 2 N HCl (bubbling), separated, washed sequentially with 2×400 mL 2 N HCl, brine (400 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 83.2 g (73%) of the title compound as a yellow viscous oil. The crude product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1094] 2-Cyanoethyl 3-Amino-4-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)crotonate:

[1095] A mixtureof 5-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dione-1,3-dioxane (8.39 g, 29.4 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (4.48 g, 63.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was charged with 35 mL of EtOH and 2.72 g of NH₄OAc (35.3 mmol) and heated at reflux temperature for 20 minutes. The crude reaction mixture was divided into aliqoutes and used in the next step without any further purification or characterization.

[1096] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine:

[1097] A solution of 2-cyanoethyl 3-Amino-4-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)crotonate (4.94 g, 19.6 mmol), 3-(4-nitrophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione (4.57 g, 19.6 mmol) in 20 mL of EtOH were heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 500 g of silica packed with 50% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with increasing amounts of EtOAc (2 L/10% change) to give 7.21 g of the title compound. Spectral analysis showed the presence of impurities and 3-hydroxypropionitrile in the chromatographed product. This was used in the next deprotection step without any further purification. 5-Acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic Acid:

[1098] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (7.21 g, containing impurities), NaOH (620 mg, 15.5 mmol) in a mixture of dioxane-water (75 mL, 2:1) were stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was partitioned between water (50 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL), separated, and the EtOAc wash was extracted with water (2×20 mL). The combined water extracts were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2-3). The precipitated oil solidified on standing. The solids were precipitated from MeOH-H₂O, filtered, and air dried to give 2.72 g (33% from the Meldrum's intermediate) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 100° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1099] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1100] A mixture of 5-acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl) oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (416 mg, 1.00 mmol), 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (353 mg, 1.2 mmol), DCC 619 mg, 3.00 mmol), and DMAP (134 mg, 1.10 mmol) in 15 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 days, diluted with 10 mL of EtOAc, filtered, and chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:10). The column was eluted with 1:10 (1 L), 1.5:10 (1 L), 2:10 (1 L), 2:8 (3 L), to give 410 mg (59%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 72-80° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₅N₇O₅+1.5H₂O: C, 65.16; H, 6.73; N, 13.64. Found: C, 65.23; H, 6.44; N, 13.70.

[1101] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl -3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1102] To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl) oxy) methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamido pyridine (338 mg, 0.489 mmol) in 20 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (1.22 mL, 1.22 mmol), and water (88 mL, 4.89 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 350 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10)-to give 240 mg (75%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 80 IC (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₅+1.5H₂O: C, 67.61; H, 7.27; N, 10.11. Found: C, 67.23; H, 7.14; N, 10.01.

EXAMPLE 237

[1103] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4,4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (237)

[1104] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid:

[1105] A mixture of 5-((2-az idoethyl) oxy) acetyl-2, 2-dimethyl-4, 6-dione-1, 3-dioxane (1.36 g, 5.00 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (711 mg, 10.0 mmol) in 10 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour, and cooled. The residue was charged with EtOH (10 mL) and ammonium acetate (424 mg, 5.50 mmol), heated at reflux temperature for 0.5 hour, and cooled. The reaction mixture was charged with 3-(4-nitrophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione (1.28 g, 5.50 mmol), and heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 hours, and cooled. Sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25.0 mmol) in 5 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. To the residue was added water (10 mL), acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2-3), extracted with MeOH-CH₂Cl₂ (1:9, 5×50 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with EtOAc-hexane (1:1). The column was eluted with 80% EtOAc-hexane (2 L), EtOAc (2 L), MeOH-EtOAc (2 L) to give a product which contained many impurities. The product was partitioned between EtOAc (2 mL) and 0.05 N NaOH solution (2 mL), separated, and extracted with 3×2 mL 0.05 N NaOH solution. The combined aqueous extracts were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH=2-3), extracted with 5×2 mL of dichloromethane, dried (Na SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 50 mg (3%) of the desired product as a yellow paste. The product was used in the next step without any further purification.

[1106] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1107] A mixture of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.125 mmol), 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (44 mg, 0.149 mmol), DCC (77 mg, 0.373 mmol), and DMAP (17 mg, 0.137 mmol) in 2 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 days, filtered, and chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (10% to 20%, 1 L/5% change) to give 36 mg (41%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 80-90° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1108] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl 3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)) carboxamidopyridine (237):

[1109] To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy) methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamido pyridine (32 mg, 0.047 mmol) in 3 mL of 1:1 THF-EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.118 mL, 0.118 mmol), and water (8.5 mL, 0.47 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 10 mg (46%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 100° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃H₄₅N₅O₅+0.5CHCl₃: C, 64.99; H, 6.45; N, 9.84. Found: C, 64.81; H, 6.22; N, 9.92.

EXAMPLE 238

[1110] 2-((3-Aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxzamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (238)

[1111] 2-((3-Azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic Acid:

[1112] A mixture of 5-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)acyl-2, 2-dimethyl-4, 6-dione-1, 3-dioxane (33.8 g, 0.119 mol) and 2-trimethylsilylethanol (30.0 g, 0.254 mol) in 100 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was taken up in 100 mL of EtOH, ammonium acetate (11.0 g, 0.142 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and heated at reflux temperature for 0.5 hour. The reaction mixture was divided into two aliquots and used in the next experiments. 2-Cyanoethyl 3-(4-nirophenyl)methyleno-3-oxopentanoate (17.0 g, 56.2 mmol) was added to one aliquot from above and heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 hours, and cooled. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The oil was taken up in 50 mL of MeOH and water was added to oiled out the product, which was taken up in 50 mL of dioxane and NaOH (2.61 g, 65.2 mmol) in 50 mL of water was added, stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl2-EtOAc (1:2, 100 mL), and H₂O (50 mL), separated, and extracted with water (50 mL) and 3×50 mL of water containing 2.61 g of NaOH. The combined aqueous extracts were acidified with concentrated HCl (pH =3-4), the precipitated oil was extracted with CHCl₃-EtOAc (2:1, 50×7 mL), the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 400 g of silica packed with EtOAc-hexane (1:4). The column was eluted with EtOAc-hexane (20%, 2 L; 30%, 1 L; 40%, 2 L) to afford 5.60 g (18%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 110° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1113] 2-(3-Azidopropyl) oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine:

[1114] A mixture of 2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (390 mg, 0.734 mmol), DCC (227 mg, 1.10 mmol), and DMAP (99 mg, 0.807 mmol) in 2.5 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Ammonia (58%, 443 mg, 7.34 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc-hexane (1:70:70). The column was eluted with the same solvent to afford 355 mg (91%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 85-87° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1115] 2-((3-Azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic Acid:

[1116] A solution of 3.24 mmol of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (iM) in 3.24 mL of THF was added, in one portion, to a stirred solution of 2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (532 mg, 1.00 mmol) in 41 mL of DMSO. The resulting maroon solution was was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, poured into 50 mL of 1 N aqueous HCl solution, extracted with 50 mL and then with 3×20 mL of EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with water (3×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)₁ and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with 1% MeOH-EtOAc. The column was eluted with increasing amounts of MeOH (1% to 20%, 5%/2 L change) to give 160 mg (37%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 138-143° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1117] 2-((3-Azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1118] A mixture of 2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (40 mg, 0.093 mmol), DCC (38 mg, 0.186 mmol), and DMAP (9 mg, 0.074 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was charged with 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (34 mg, 0.12 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:4). The column was eluted with the same solvent to afford 50 mg (76%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 90-95° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1119] 2-((3-Aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitro) phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl )propyl))carboxamidopyridine (238):

[1120] To a solution of 2-((azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-ethyl-4-(4-nitro) p henyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxam idopyridine (45 mg, 0.064 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.16 mL, 0.16 mmol), and water (12 mL, 0.64 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12). The column was eluted with 750 mL of NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) and 500 mL of NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 30 mg (69%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 92° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₈N₆O₅+0.8H₂O+0.8CH₂Cl₂: C, 62.64; H, 6.76; N, 11.09. Found: C, 62.39; H, 6.73; N, 11.19.

EXAMPLE 239

[1121] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (239)

[1122] 3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)methylenepentane-2,4-dione:

[1123] A mixture of pentane-2,4-dione (20.0 g, 200 mmol), 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (32.2 g, 200 mmol), piperidine (1.98 mL, 20.0 mmol), and HOAc (1.20 mL, 20.0 mmol) in 200 mL of isopropanol were stirred at room temperature for 3 days (no precipitate). The solvent was remove in vacuo, and the crude product was heated to 50-70° C. under reduced pressure for 0.5 hours (no solids). The crude product was chromatographed on 900 g of silica packed with 10% EtOAc-hexane. The column was eluted with increasing amounts of EtOAc (10% to 30%, 2.5%/2 L change) to give 19.1 g (41%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 79-80° C. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1124] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-eyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylpyridine:

[1125] A mixture of 5-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dione-1,3-dioxane (80%, 1.50 g, 4.42 mmol) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (629 mg, 8.85 mmol) in 10 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was charged with ammonium acetate (477 mg, 6.19 mmol) and 10 mL of ethanol and heated at reflux temperature for 0.5 hour. and cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was charged with 3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione (1.44 g, 6.19 mmol) and heated at reflux temperature for 5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 750 g of silica. The column was eluted with EtOAc-hexane (1:4, 2 L; 1:3, 2 L; 1:2, 2 L; 1:1, 2 L; 2:1, 2 L) to give 353 mg of spectroscopically pure and 200 mg of slightly impure product for a combined yield of 25% as a yellow paste. The crude product was used in the next deprotection step after spectral characterization.

[1126] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic Acid:

[1127] This product was obtained from deprotection of two batches of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylpyridine obtained from the previous experiment (340 mg and 200 mg) and were combined after completion of the reaction. A mixture of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylpyridine (340 mg, 0.750 mmol; 200 mg (60%), 0.200 mmol), 1 N NaOH (1.12 mL; 0.40 mL) in a mixture of dioxane (3 mL; 3 mL) were stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The two batches were concentrated in vacuo, the combined batches were dissolved in 40 mL of water, washed with dichloromethane (30 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL), acidified with 1 N HCl solution (pH=4-5), and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined dichloromethane extracts were washed with brine (40 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 300 mg (25%) of the title compound as a yellow paste which solidified on standing: mp 120° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1128] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1129] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (60 mg, 0.150 mmol), DCC (62 mg, 0.300 mmol), and DMAP (15 mg, 0.120 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was charged with 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (53 mg, 0.180 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 300 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9, 1.5 L; 1:4, 1 L) to give 82 mg (81%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 75° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₄N₆O₅+0.3H₂O+0.3CH₂Cl₂: C, 66.70; H, 6.44; N, 11.88. Found: C, 66.45; H, 6.15; N, 11.80.

[1130] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-dipheylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (239):

[1131] To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-1,4-dihyd ro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (66 mg, 0.098 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.30 mL, 0.29 mmol), and water (18 mL, 0.98 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 130 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12). The column was eluted with 750 mL of NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12) and 500 mL of NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 52 mg (82%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 80° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₉H₄₆N₄O₅+0.5H₂O+0.5CH₂Cl₂C, 67.56; H, 6.89; N, 7.98. Found: C, 67.24; H, 6.85; N, 8.17.

EXAMPLE 240

[1132] 3-(N-3(4-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (240)

[1133] 5-(2-Cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-3-(N-3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine:

[1134] A mixture of 35 mg of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (0.084 mmol), 35 mg of DCC (0.169 mmol), and 8.2 mg of DMAP (0.067 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before addition of 32 mg of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (0.109 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed on 180 g of silica (MeOH-EtOAc, 1:9) to give 40 mg of the title compound as a yellow solid (70%): mp 55° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1135] 3-(N-3-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-5-carboxylic Acid (240):

[1136] To a solution of 5-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-3-(N-3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (35 mg, 0.051 mmol in 3 mL of dioxane was added aqueous 1 M NaOH (56 mL, 0.056 mmol). After 1 hour, another equivalent of NaOH was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 1.5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in water (8 mL), washed with dichloromethane (3 mL), and ethyl acetate (3 mL). The aqueous extract was acidified with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (pH=3), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried (MgSO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 11 mg (34%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 116-126° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₄₂N₄O₈+0.8EtOAc+0.4CH₂cl₂: C, 61.10; H, 6.71; N, 7.58. Found: C, 61.02; H, 6.95; N, 7.26.

EXAMPLE 241

[1137] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (241)

[1138] 5-Acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine:

[1139] A mixture of 5-acetyl-2-((3-azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (115 mg, .278 mmol), and DMAP (27 mg, 0.222 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. N-3-Aminopropyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (100 mg, 0.362 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 350 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with the same solvent to give 124 mg (66%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 54° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₃N₇O₇: C, 62.38; H, 6.45; N, 14.54. Found: C, 61.93; H, 6.54; N, 14.19.

[1140]5-Acetyl-2-((3-aminopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (241):

[1141] To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((azidopropyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (95 mg, 0.141 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.36 mL, 0.35 mmol), and water (25 mL, 1.41 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:12) to give 72 mg (79%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 70° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₅N₅O₇+1. 0H₂O+0.1CH Cl₂: C, 62.52; H, 7.06; N, 10.39. Found: C, 62.61; H, 6.96; N, 10.34.

EXAMPLE 242

[1142] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl -1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (242)

[1143] 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione:

[1144] A mixture of pentane-2,4-dione (20.0 g, 200 mmol), 4-fluorobenzaldehyde (24.8 g, 200 mmol), piperidine (1.95 mL, 20.0 mmol), and HOAc (1.20 mL, 20.0 mmol) in 100 mL of isopropanol were heated at reflux temperature for 5 minutes, and then at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C., filtered, and the solids were recrystallized from a mixture of CH₂Cl₂-hexane to give 35.2 g of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione as a yellow crystalline solid: mp 34-35° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₁F₁O₂: C, 69.89; H, 5.38. Found: C, 69.70; H, 5.38.

[1145] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine:

[1146] A mixture of 5-((2-azidoethyl) oxy) acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dione-1,3-dioxane (1.29 g, 3.54 mmol), 3-hydroxypropionitrile (503 mg, 7.08 mmol) in 10 mL of dry toluene were heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol followed by addition of ammonium acetate (382 mg, 4.96 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 hours, cooled, 3-(4-f luorophenyl) methylenopentane-2,4-dione (1.0 g, 4.96 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and heated at reflux temperature for 4 hours. Additional 3-(4-fluorophenyl)methylenopentane-2,4-dione (0.4 g) was added to the reaction mixture and heated at reflux temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 300 g of silica. The column was eluted with EtOAc-hexane (1:2.5, 1 L; 1:2, 2 L; and 1:1, 0.5 L) to give 520 mg of the title compound (48%) as a yellow paste. The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1147] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4dihydro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic Acid:

[1148] A mixture of 5-acetyl-2-((azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(2-cyanoethoxy)carbonyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine (500 mg, 1.17 mmol), 1.76 mL of 1 N NaOH solution (1.76 mmol), and 4 mL of dioxane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue dissolved in 30 mL of water, washed with 2×15 mL of dichloromethane, 10 mL of EtOAc, acidified with 1 N HCl solution (pH=4), and extracted with 3×25 mL of dichloromethane. The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give 255 mg of the desired acid (40%) as a yellow solid: mp 100° C. (decomp.). The product was used in the next step after spectral characterization.

[1149] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4dihydro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine:

[1150] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (60 mg, 0.161 mmol), DCC (66 mg, 0.321 mmol), and DMAP (16 mg, 0.129 mmol) in 4 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours followed by addition of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine (56.9 mg, 0.193 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 50 g of silica. The column was eluted with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9) to give 70 mg of the desired product (67%) as a yellow solid: mp 68° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₃N₆O₃F₁+l.0H₂O: C, 68.24; H, 6.78; N, 12.57. Found: C, 68.43; H, 6.60; N, 12.46.

[1151] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl -1,4dihydro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (242): To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-(2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro) phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (48 mg, 0.074 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.19 mL, 0.19 mmol), and water (13 mL, 0.74 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHC′₃ (1:2:10) to give 38 mg (82%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 75° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₅N₄O₃F₁+1.1CH₂Cl₂: C, 65.39; H, 6.62; N, 7.80. Found: C, 65.01; H, 6.82; N, 7.85.

EXAMPLE 243

[1152] 5-Carboxamido-3-(N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1yl)propyl))carboxamido-2-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine (243):

[1153] A mixture of 5-carboxamido-2-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxy)methyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (45 mg, 0.109 mmol), DCC (45 mg, 0.218 mmol), and DMAP (11 mg, 0.087 mmol) in 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. 1-(3-Amino)propyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (41 mg, 0.140 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:4). The column was eluted with the same solvent to give 26 mg (47%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 91° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N F₃O₇+0.3CHCl₃: C, 56.96; H, 5.61; N, 9.68. Found: C, 56.94; H, 5.73; N, 9.61.

EXAMPLE 244

[1154] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)) carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy) phenylpyridine (244)

[1155] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4phenylpiperidin-1-y1)propyl))carboxamido-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine:

[1156] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(3, 4-methylenedioxy) phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (60 mg, 0.150 mmol), DCC (62 mg, 0.300 mmol), and DMAP (15 mg, 0.120 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was charged with 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (57 mg, 0.195 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 180 g of silica packed with MeOH-EtOAc (1:9). The column was eluted with the same solvent to give 62 mg (62%) of the title compound as a yellow solid: mp 55° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₄₄N₆F₃O₇+1.0H₂O+0.5EtOAc: C, 62.11; H, 6.86; N, 11.44. Found: C, 62.06; H, 6.48; N, 11.45.

[1157] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(N-(3-4-ethoxycarbonyl-1-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-1,4-dihyd ro-6-methyl-4-(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylpyridine (244):To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-3-(N-(3-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl) )carboxamido-4-(3, 4-methyle nedioxy)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine (45 mg, 0.067 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.17 mL, 0.167 mmol), and water (12 mL, 0.67 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:10) to give 31 mg (72%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 55° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₆N₄O₇+1.0H₂O+0.3CHCl₃: C, 62.23; H. 6.95; N, 8.00. Found: C, 62.14; H, 6.85; N, 7.78.

EXAMPLE 245

[1158] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl -1,4dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methylpyridine (245)

[1159] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-(3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamido-6-methylpyridine:

[1160] A solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.134 mmol), DCC (55 mg, 0.268 mmol), and DMAP (13 mg, 0.107 mmol) in 4 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours followed by addition of 1-(3-amino)propyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidine (48 mg, 0.174 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 200 g of silica. The column was eluted with MeOH-EtoAc (1:9) to give 68 mg of the desired product (80%) as a yellow solid: mp 48° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₄₃N₆O₃F₁+0.3CHCl₃: C, 61.62; H, 6.23; N, 12.57. Found: C, 61.75; H, 6.47; N, 12.53.

[1161] 5-Acetyl-2-((2-aminoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-methylpyridine (245):

[1162] To a solution of 5-acetyl-2-((2-azidoethyl)oxy)methyl-4-(4-fluoro)phenyl-1,4-dihydro-3-(N-3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido-6-methylpyridine (52 mg, 0.0823 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOAc at 0° C. was added 1 M (Me)₃P in THF (0.21 mL, 0.206 mmol), and water (15 mL, 0.823 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on 100 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:20). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:20) to give 40 mg (85%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 54° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₄₃N₄O₅F,+0.8EtOAc+0.8CHCl₃: C, 57.06; H, 6.87; N, 7.61. Found: C, 57.36; H, 6.30; N, 7.40.

EXAMPLE 246

[1163] 6-Zthyl-1,4-dihydro-5-(2-hydroxyethoxyl-2-(meth yls)aathyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxZaid4pyridilne (246):

[1164] A solution of 50 mg of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.078 mmol), 30 mg of DMAPECD (0.157 mmol), and DMAP (19 mg, 0.157 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were stirred at room temperature for 2 hours before addition of ethyleneglycol (24 mg, 0.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed sequentially with saturated NH₄ Cl solution (2×5 mL), aqueous 0.1 N HCl solution (3×5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was chromatographed on 220 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:50). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (0.5 L of 1:2:30) to give 38 mg (75%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 73 IC(decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₃9H46N₄0₇+0.5 H₂0: C, 67.71; H, 6.85; N, 8.10. Found: C, 67.64; H, 6.96; N, 7.81.

EXAMPLE 247

[1165] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5-N-((2-methoxy)ethyl)carboxamido-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4, 4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine (247):

[1166] A solution of 50 mg of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (0.078 mmol), 30.1 mg of DMAPECD (0.157 mmol), DMAP (19.2 mg, 0.157 mmol), and 2-aminoethylmethylether (29 mg, 0.390 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were heated at reflux temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed sequentially with aqueous 0.1 N HCl solution (3×5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was chromatographed on 220 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:50). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:50) to give 38 mg (70%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 70° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₄₀H₄9NSO₆: C, 69.03; H, 7.11; N, 10.06. Found: C, 69.00; H, 7.27; N, 9.97.

EXAMPLE 248

[1167] 6-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-((methyl)oxy)methyl-5-N-(morpholi n-4yl)carboxamido-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl))carboxamidopyridine (248):

[1168] A solution of 60 mg of 6-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-2-(methyloxy)methyl-4-(4-nitro)phenyl-3-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) ) carboxamidopyridine-5-carboxylic acid ((0.094 mmol), 36 mg of DMAPECD (0.188 mmol), 29 mg of DMAP (0.235 mmol), and 14.4 mg of 4-aminomorpholine (0.141 mmol) in 3 mL of dry dichloromethane were heated at reflux temperature for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, sequentially washed with aqueous 0.1 N HCl solution (4×3 mL), brine (mL), dried (Na₂CO₃), and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on 50 g of silica packed with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (1:2:50). The column was eluted with NH₃ (2N in MeOH)-MeOH-CHCl₃ (0.5 L of 1:2:50 and 1 L of 1:2:40) to give 34 mg (50%) of the desired product as a yellow solid: mp 112° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd for C₄₁H₅₀N₆O₆+1.0H₂O: C, 66.47; H, 7.07; N, 11.34. Found: C, 66.29; H, 6.94; N, 11.26.

EXAMPLE 249

[1169] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (249).

[1170] A solution of acetoacetic acid N-(3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)amide (200 mg, 0.528 mmol), methyl 3-aminocrotonate (62.7 mg, 0.528 mmol), and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (79.8 mg, 0.528 mmol) in 2-propanol (5 ml) was refluxed for 96 hours. Then the solvent was removed, and the residue was flash chromatographed (Hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=50:50:3; Hexane:EtOAc:Et₃N=10:90:6; and EtOAc : Et₃N=10:1) to give a yellow solid. It was recrystallized from EtOAc/Hexane to afford yellow crystals (96 mg, 30%): mp 192-193° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₀N₄O₅: C, 70.00, H, 6.69, N, 9.06. Found. C, 70.24, H, 6.31, N, 8.84.

EXAMPLE 250

[1171] 1,4-Dihydro-3-methoxycarbonyl-1,6-dimethyl-4-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-5-(N-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)carboxamido)-pyridine (250).

[1172] N-(3-(4-Phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl) acetoacetamide (200 mg, 0.66 mmol) was mixed with methyl 3-aminocrotonate (76 mg, 0.66 mmol) and piperonal (99 mg, 0.66 mmol) in 1-butanol (5 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4 days and then concentrated to give a brown oil. It was dissolved in chloroform and flash chromatographed over silica gel (15 g) eluting with EtOAc/Et₃N (20:1) to afford a yellow oil (54 mg, 15% yield). Recrystallization from EtOAc/Hexane gave yellow crystals (19 mg): mp 161-165° C. Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₃O₅: C, 70.03; H, 7.01; N, 7.90. Found: C, 69.87; H, 7.07; N, 7.62.

EXAMPLE 251

[1173] 5-Carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-{N-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl]}carboxamidopyridine (251).

[1174] To a mixture of 5-carboxamido-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylicacid (212 mg, 0.668 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (195 mg, 1.02 =mol, 1.52 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (91 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added a solution of 1-(3-amino)propylpiperidine (115.9 mg, 0.815 mmol, 1.22 equiv, Bates, R. J.; Cymerman-Craig, J.; Moyie, M.; Yong, T. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 388). in CH₂Cl₂ (3.7 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 20 hours. Aqueous NaOH (1 M, 50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂cl₂-isopropanol (3:1, 3×50 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 635.7 mg of dark brown oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, Cl₃CCH₃-MeOH-methanolic ammonia (2 M) 70:15:15) to afford 385 mg of a yellow oil. This yellow oil was further purified by HPLC with a 25×300 mm Waters NovaPak 6pm sio₂ radial compression column and UV detection at 252 nm. The column was eluted with the following gradient at 25 mL/min: initial conditions CH₂Cl₂: (CH₂Cl2-MeOH-Et₂NH 93.8:6:0.2) 50:50, duration 30 minutes, ramped to 13:87 over 30 minutes. The pure product was obtained as a yellow solid, 167.4 mg (56%): mp 170° C.; Anal. Calcd for C₂₃H₃₁N₅O₄C₄0.H cHCl₂: C, 61.65; H, 6.99; N, 15.56. Found: C, 61.61; H, 7.16; N, 15.62.

[1175] Binding affinities were measured for selected compounds of the invention at six cloned human alpha-i and alpha-2 receptor subtypes, as well as at the L-type calcium channel. The protocols for these experiments are given below. Table 1 shows the results.

[1176] Protocol for the Determination of the Potency of α₁ Antagonists

[1177] The activity of compounds at the different human receptors was determined in vitro using cultured cell lines that selectively express the receptor of interest. These cell lines were prepared by transfecting the cloned CDNA or cloned genomic DNA or constructs containing both genomic DNA and cDNA encoding the human α-adrenergic receptors as follows:

[1178] α_(1A) Human Adronergic Receptor:

[1179] The entire coding region of alA (1719 bp), including 150 basepairs of 5′untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 300 bp of 3′untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the BamHI and ClaI sites of the polylinker-modified eukaryotic expression vector pCEXV-3, called EXJ.HR. The construct involved the ligation of partial overlapping human lymphocyte genomic and hippocampal cDNA clones: 5′ sequence were contained on a 1.2 kb SmaI-XhoI genomic fragment (the vector-derived BamHI site was used for subcloning instead of the internal insert-derived SmaI site) and 3′ sequences were contained on an 1.3 kb XhoI-ClaI cDNA fragment (the ClaI site was from the vector polylinker). Stable cell lines were obtained by cotransfection with the plasmid α1A/EXJ (expression vector containing the alA receptor gene) and the plasmid pGCcos3neo (plasmid containing the aminoglycoside transferase gene) into LM(tk⁻), CHO, and NIH3T3 cells, using calcium phosphate technique. The cells were grown, in a controlled environment (37° C., 5% CO₂), as monolayers in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 25mM glucose and supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin g, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate. Stable clones were then selected for resistance to the antibiotic G-418 (1 mg/ml), and membranes were haR^(iv)ested and assayed for their ability to bind [³H]prazosin as described below (see “Radioligand Binding assays”).

[1180] α_(1B) Human Adrenergic Receptor:

[1181] The entire coding region of α1B (1563 bp), including 200 basepairs and 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 600 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the EcoRI site of pCEXV-3 eukaryotic expression vector. The construct involved ligating the full-length containing EcoRI brainstem CDNA fragment from I ZapII into the expression vector. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[1182] α_(1C) Human Adrenergic Receptor:

[1183] The entire coding region of alC (1401 bp), including 400 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 200 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the KpnI site of the polylinker-modified pCEXV-3-derived eukaryotic expression vector, EXJ.RH. The construct involved ligating three partial overlapping fragments: a 5, 0.6kb HincII genomic clone, a central 1.8 EcoRI hippocampal cDNA clone, and a 3′ 0.6Kb PstI genomic clone. The hippocampal cDNA fragment overlaps with the 5′ and 3′ genomic clones so that the HincII and PstI sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cDNA clone, respectively, were utilized for ligation. This full-length clone was cloned into the KpnI site of the expression vector, using the 5′ and 3′ KpnI sites of the fragment, derived from vector (i.e., pBluescript) and 3′-untranslated sequences, respectively. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[1184] Radioligand Binding Assays:

[1185] Transfected cells from culture flasks were scraped into 5 ml of 5 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, and lysed by sonication. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4° C., and the supernatant was centrifuged at 30,000× g for 20 min at 4° C. The pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM Mgcl₂, and 0.1% ascorbic acid at pH 7.5. Binding of the al antagonist [³H]prazosin (0.5 nM, specific activity 76.2 Ci/mmol) to membrane preparations of LM(tk-) cells was done in a final volume of 0.25 ml and incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM phentolamine. The reaction was stopped by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell harvester. Inhibition experiments, routinely consisting of 7 concentrations of the tested compounds, were analyzed using a non-linear regression curve-fitting computer program to obtain Ki values.

[1186] α₂ Human Adrenergic Receptors:

[1187] To determine the potency of a, antagonists at the α₂ receptors, LM(tk−) cell lines stably transfected with the genes encoding the α_(2A), α_(2B), and α_(2C) receptors were used. The cell line expressing the α_(2A) receptor is designated L-α_(2A), and was deposited on Nov. 6, 1992 under ATCC Accession No. CRL 11180. The cell line expressing the α_(2B) receptor is designated L-NGC-α_(2B), and was deposited on Oct. 25, 1989 under ATCC Accession No. CRL10275. The cell line expressing the α_(2C) receptor is designated L-α_(2C), and was deposited on Nov. 6, 1992 under ATCC Accession No. CRL-11181. Cell lysates were prepared as described above (see Radioligand Binding Assays), and suspended in 25mM glycylglycine buffer (pH 7.6 at room temperature). Equilibrium competition binding assay were performed using [3H]rauwolscine (0.5 nM), and nonspecific binding was determined by incubation with 10 μM phentolamine. The bound radioligand was separated by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell haR^(iv)ester.

[1188] Determination of the Activity of al Antagonists at Calcium Channels

[1189] The potency of α₁ antagonists at calcium channels was determined in competition binding assays of [3H]nitrendipine to membrane fragments of rat cardiac muscle, essentially as described by Glossman and Ferry (Methods in Enzymology 109:513-550, 1985). Briefly, the tissue was minced and homogenized in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The homogenates were centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 minutes, the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 45,000 g for 15 minutes. The 45,000 g pellet was suspended in buffer and centrifuged a second time. Aliquots of membrane protein were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. in the presence of [3H]nitrendipine (1 nM), and nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM nifedipine. The bound radioligand was separated by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell haR^(iv)ester. TABLE 1 Binding Affinities at α-Adrenergic Receptors and L-Type Calcium Channels com- alpha-1 alpha-2 pound 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c Ca 1 pKi 5.59 6.39 7.52 5.62 5.48 6.77 5.18 SEM 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.15 0.21 0.14 0.39 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 (±)-2 pKi 6.22 6.48 8.73 6.44 6.38 6.49 3.7 SEM 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.41 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 (+)-2 pKi 6.40 6.35 7.69 6.52 6.40 6.53 4.11 SEM 0.19 0.06 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.06 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 (−)-2 pKi 6.46 6.39 8.91 6.83 6.56 6.78 2.74 SEM 0.16 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 pKi 6.84 7.19 8.23 6.99 7.65 7.29 3.00 SEM 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.25 0.02 0.11 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 pKi 6.71 6.89 7.17 6.26 5.99 6.30 6.01 SEM 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.06 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 5 pKi 5.74 6.08 7.95 5.65 5.67 4.61 5.34 SEM 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.03 0.17 0.17 0.03 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 6 pKi 5.95 6.69 6.83 6.08 6.35 6.62 5.80 SEM 0.15 0.21 0.27 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.10 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 7 pKi 5.93 6.54 6.21 5.42 5.79 5.91 6.06 SEM 0.05 0.04 0.02 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 8 pKi 6.42 6.73 7.12 6.08 5.73 6.47 4.94 SEM 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.05 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 9 pKi 5.77 6.47 7.62 5.66 6.26 5.88 4.72 SEM 0.03 0.29 0.15 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.13 n 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 10 pKi 6.35 6.91 8.75 5.63 5.48 5.91 5.12 SEM 0.10 0.04 0.01 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.07 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 11 pKi 6.52 6.64 8.95 5.95 6.06 6.24 5.64 SEM 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 12 pKi 6.42 6.82 8.74 6.11 5.90 6.06 5.42 SEM 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.10 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 13 pKi 6.41 6.78 8.14 5.90 5.76 6.19 5.05 SEM 0.08 0.06 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 14 pKi 5.39 5.58 7.39 5.54 5.87 5.96 SEM 0.28 0.30 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.06 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 pKi 6.38 6.78 8.2 5.61 5.47 5.95 5.14 SEM 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 16 pKi 6.37 6.76 8.23 5.95 5.74 6.42 6.09 SEM 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.15 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 17 pKi 6.90 7.38 9.27 6.46 6.85 7.57 5.00 SEM 0.04 0.10 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 18 pKi 6.05 6.76 7.16 5.67 5.79 6.03 6.79 SEM 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.15 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 19 pKi 6.50 6.57 8.87 5.89 6.04 6.38 5.13 SEM 0.04 0.02 0.21 0.05 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 20 pKi 5.87 6.92 8.42 5.75 5.88 6.09 5.94 SEM 0.12 0.67 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.15 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 21 pKi 6.31 6.69 8.15 5.68 5.97 6.11 6.00 SEM 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.19 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 22 pKi 6.13 6.86 7.44 5.80 6.04 6.20 6.43 SEM 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.14 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 23 pKi 6.19 6.67 7.84 6.02 6.25 6.33 6.54 SEM 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 24 pKi 6.49 6.94 8.73 6.04 5.90 6.8 5.71 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.34 0.09 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 25 pKi 6.19 6.48 7.47 5.82 6.30 5.99 5.94 SEM 0.09 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.33 0.00 0.16 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 26 pKi 6.28 6.36 8.15 5.67 6.01 5.83 7.06 SEM 0.03 0.03 0.21 0.08 0.05 0.06 n 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 27 pKi 6.42 6.49 8.44 5.71 5.98 5.92 6.23 SEM 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.05 0.06 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 28 pKi 6.36 6.62 8.02 5.64 5.78 6.20 4.76 SEM 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.22 0.09 0.00 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 29 pKi 6.58 6.85 8.83 6.16 6.20 6.40 4.86 SEM 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.07 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 30 pKi 6.81 7.27 8.52 6.93 6.63 7.31 7.02 SEM 0.01 0.08 0.41 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.09 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 31 pKi 6.95 7.69 8.93 6.80 6.86 7.28 SEM 0.06 0.01 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.11 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 32 pKi 6.13 6.52 7.88 5.80 SEM 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.04 n 2 2 2 2 37 pKi 6.16 6.70 7.64 6.15 5.97 6.24 5.87 SEM 0.10 0.00 0.00 n 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 38 pKi 6.21 6.38 8.50 6.40 6.04 6.49 5.15 SEM 0.08 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.11 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 39 pKi 5.77 5.93 7.23 6.02 5.74 6.09 4.35 SEM 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.12 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 40 pKi 6.26 6.56 7.86 5.73 5.75 6.01 4.8 SEM 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.11 n 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 41 pKi 6.30 6.53 8.74 6.37 6.22 6.36 SEM 0.07 0.08 0.03 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 42 pKi 6.35 6.55 8.90 6.49 6.64 6.77 SEM 0.08 0.02 0.03 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 43 pKi 6.50 6.74 8.62 6.18 6.36 6.40 4.73 SEM 0.06 0.06 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.07 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 44 pKi 5.23 5.08 5.77 4.78 SEM 0.09 0.16 0.08 0.04 n 2 2 3 2 (±)-45 pKi 7.18 7.87 9.63 6.55 6.67 7.09 5.13 SEM 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 (−)-45 pKi 7.39 8.04 9.74 6.47 6.64 7.86 5.36 SEM 0.13 0.05 0.07 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 (+)-45 pKi 6.75 7.24 8.03 6.62 7.04 7.65 SEM 0.21 0.00 0.08 n 3 2 3 1 1 1 46 pKi 6.30 6.62 7.69 6.17 6.31 6.61 5.13 SEM 0.06 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.19 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 47 pKi 6.29 6.58 8.93 6.22 6.36 6.43 4.75 SEM 0.08 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.02 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 48 pKi 8.01 8.58 9.28 7.76 6.09 6.38 6.32 SEM 0.03 0.10 0.07 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 49 pKi 6.94 6.72 8.56 6.63 6.42 6.86 5.37 SEM 0.07 0.27 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.05 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 50 pKi 5.71 5.52 7.07 5.82 5.56 6.18 5.02 SEM 0.07 0.04 0.17 0.27 0.21 0.28 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 51 pKi 5.01 5.30 6.32 6.35 6.29 6.60 3 SEM 0.05 0.22 0.07 0.05 0.14 0.01 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 52 pKi 5.94 7.11 8.06 6.29 6.10 6.58 5.29 SEM 0.49 0.06 0.11 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 53 pKi 6.49 6.87 7.83 6.18 6.34 6.67 5.54 SEM 0.03 0.16 0.21 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 54 pKi 6.46 6.76 7.91 6.33 6.52 6.80 4.23 SEM 0.03 0.11 0.11 0.02 0.14 0.06 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 55 pKi 6.17 6.45 7.99 6.21 6.51 6.78 3 SEM 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.02 0.16 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 56 pKi 6.20 6.66 8.52 6.57 6.89 6.73 5.19 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 57 pKi 5.79 5.91 6.22 6.71 5.73 6.80 3.00 SEM 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.09 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 58 pKi 5.52 5.64 6.48 8.08 5.84 7.30 3.78 SEM 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.09 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 59 pKi 6.29 6.41 6.61 SEM 0.01 0.02 0.03 n 2 2 2 60 pKi 6.70 7.11 8.56 8.26 7.16 7.17 3.80 SEM 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.01 n 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 61 pKi 6.07 6.37 8.42 6.12 6.22 6.32 4.99 SEM 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.03 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 62 pKi 6.47 6.50 8.58 7.61 7.24 7.31 4.71 SEM 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.1 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 63 pKi 7.35 7.73 7.41 6.02 6.88 6.77 4.18 SEM 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.01 0.09 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 64 pKi 6.31 6.45 7.45 6.16 6.36 6.32 4.01 SEM 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.00 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 65 pKi 6.89 7.24 8.98 6.70 7.01 7.08 5.51 SEM 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 66 pKi 5.45 5.36 6.59 5.53 5.35 6.24 6.22 SEM 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 67 pKi 5.96 6.18 6.48 6.45 5.79 7.00 SEM 0.03 0.15 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.02 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 73 pKi 6.69 6.83 9.18 6.10 6.17 6.56 6.12 SEM 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.03 n 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 74 pKi 7.23 7.72 9.30 7.23 7.05 7.63 5.28 SEM 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 75 pKi 5.36 5.41 6.10 5.54 5.51 5.91 5.45 SEM 0.05 0.28 0.01 0.01 0.04 n 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 76 pKi 5.89 5.88 6.63 6.96 5.64 7.70 5.49 SEM 0.10 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.15 0.24 0 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 77 pKi 6.83 7.16 8.30 6.95 7.08 7.42 5.94 SEM 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.04 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 78 pKi 6.75 6.96 8.37 6.14 6.26 6.82 5.5 SEM 0.05 0.02 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 79 pKi 6.99 7.33 7.76 6.84 7.28 7.21 6.17 SEM 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.12 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 81 pKi 6.39 6.62 8.72 6.75 6.79 6.91 4.49 SEM 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.25 n 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 89 pKi 6.46 6.85 6.30 5.63 5.71 6.30 6.09 SEM 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.18 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 90 pKi 6.52 6.87 7.56 6.13 6.04 6.79 6.63 SEM 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.35 0.10 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 91 pKi 6.29 6.54 8.04 6.06 6.00 6.31 6.55 SEM 0.25 0.27 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 92 pKi 6.68 7.23 8.51 5.50 6.14 6.12 5.38 SEM 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.25 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 (±)-93 pKi 5.98 6.57 8.87 5.48 5.93 5.88 6.1 SEM 0.07 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.01 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 (+)-93 pKi 5.98 6.73 7.52 6.04 6.01 6.36 6.72 SEM 0.5 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.01 n 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 (−)-93 pKi 6.56 6.95 8.92 6.13 6.01 6.27 5.89 SEM 0.25 0.09 0.09 0.02 n 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 95 pKi 5.33 5.72 8.11 6.23 5.55 5.61 3.64 SEM 0.06 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.30 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 96 pKi 5.42 5.28 7.57 5.64 5.93 6.04 3 SEM 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.05 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 (±)-97 pKi 5.56 5.99 8.54 5.55 5.93 5.61 3 SEM 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.04 0.11 0.01 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 (+)-97 pKi 5.51 6.06 8.56 5.68 6.10 5.59 3 SEM 0.02 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.07 0 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 (−)-97 pKi 5.45 5.33 6.81 5.47 5.71 5.51 3 SEM 0.10 0.06 0.48 0.13 0.02 0.02 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 98 pKi 5.96 6.52 8.32 6.45 6.23 6.37 3 SEM 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 n 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 99 pKi 5.71 6.27 7.2 6.97 6.02 6.21 3 SEM 0.03 0.13 0.32 0.02 0.01 0.05 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 100 pKi 5.31 5.83 8.36 6.10 5.54 5.75 3 SEM 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 101 pKi 5.86 6.22 8.54 5.89 6.18 6.04 3 SEM 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.04 n 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 (±)-102 pKi 5.46 5.79 8.42 5.54 5.99 5.76 4.14 SEM 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 (+)-102 pKi 5.54 5.91 8.58 5.41 5.72 5.48 3 SEM 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 (−)-102 pKi 5.17 5.50 6.95 5.72 6.23 5.98 6.26 SEM 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.05 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 103 pKi 5.60 6.74 7.97 6.31 6.13 6.57 6.75 SEM 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.12 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 104 pKi 6.88 7.46 8.49 8.28 7.25 7.8 3 SEM 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.02 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 105 pKi 5.61 5.50 6.16 5.90 5.66 5.86 5.18 SEM 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.29 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 106 pKi 5.62 6.03 7.82 6.49 6.43 6.53 3 SEM 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.05 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 107 pKi 6.06 6.00 8.23 SEM 0.34 0.09 0.06 n 3 3 3 108 pKi 5.53 5.38 8.16 SEM 0.07 0.06 0.31 n 3 3 3 109 pKi 6.07 6.56 7.18 SEM 0.04 0.06 0.25 n 2 2 2 110 pKi 4.75 4.50 5.81 SEM 0.13 0.14 0.48 n 3 3 3 111 pKi 5.75 6.02 8.24 SEM 0.01 0.05 0.04 n 2 2 2 112 pKi 7.52 7.63 7.61 6.59 6.35 6.57 7.24 SEM 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.05 0.09 0.19 0.05 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 113 pKi 6.16 6.46 7.75 6.12 6.78 6.50 3 SEM 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.08 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 114 pKi 6.26 6.69 7.99 5.68 6.33 6.14 5.54 SEM 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.1 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 115 pKi 5.70 5.84 7.23 5.40 6.11 5.64 3 SEM 0.01 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 116 pKi 6.73 6.12 8.41 5.84 6.43 6.13 SEM 0.44 0.09 0.16 0.07 0.01 n 2 2 1 3 3 3 117 pKi 5.68 6.25 7.56 6.02 6.36 6.12 3 SEM 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.05 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 118 pKi 5.66 5.75 8.02 5.41 5.84 5.65 3.00 SEM 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.03 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 (±)-119 pKi 6.21 6.38 8.5 6.4 6.04 6.49 5.13 SEM 0.08 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.11 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 (+)-119 pKi 5.89 6.08 6.42 SEM 0.02 0.03 0.13 n 3 3 3 (−)-119 pKi 5.93 6.17 8.59 SEM 0.02 0.03 0.12 n 3 3 3 120 pKi 6.33 6.61 8.97 6.44 6.59 6.72 3 SEM 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.03 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 121 pKi 6.62 7.14 8.88 6.44 6.59 6.72 4.78 SEM 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.15 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 122 pKi 6.62 7.57 7.71 6.38 7.35 6.53 3 SEM 0.17 0.08 0.17 0.04 0.04 0 0 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 123 pKi 6.7 8.01 8.3 6.03 6.87 6.42 4.53 SEM 0.03 0.09 0.11 0.02 0.06 0.01 0 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 124 pKi 7.24 7.05 8.71 7.65 6.7 7.35 3 SEM 0.06 0.17 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02 0 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 125 pKi 7.11 6.89 8.94 7.57 6.73 7.64 4.42 SEM 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.05 0 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 126 pKi 5.15 5.37 7.95 5.33 5.63 5.36 6.34 SEM 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 127 pKi 6.45 6.79 7.26 6.17 6.42 6.37 3 SEM 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.03 0 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 128 pKi 6.01 5.98 8.47 6.34 6.36 6.66 SEM 0.05 0.24 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 129 pKi 6.17 6.29 8.43 4 SEM 0.08 0.23 0.25 n 2 2 2 1 130 pKi 6.04 6.38 7.97 SEM 0.29 0.23 0.1 n 3 3 3 131 pKi 5.83 6.07 8.34 4 SEM 0.35 0.27 0.47 n 4 4 3 1 132 pKi 6.11 6.41 7.24 4.1 SEM 0.06 0.19 0.45 n 4 4 3 1 com- pound (syn- alpha-1 alpha-2 onym) 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c Ca 135 PKi 6.30 6.75 6.98 6.18 6.41 6.47 SEM 0.20 0.16 0.12 n 3 3 2 1 1 1 136 PKi 6.08 6.39 8.46 SEM 0.16 0.12 0.04 n 3 3 2 139 PKi 6.32 6.85 7.63 6.08 5.90 6.51 SEM 0.18 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.01 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 140 PKi 5.14 4.84 5.15 SEM n 1 1 1 141 PKi 7.30 7.48 8.27 6.22 6.36 6.45 SEM 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.07 0.14 0.01 n 2 2 2 3 3 3 143 PKi 6.50 6.92 8.49 SEM 0.07 0.09 0.07 n 2 2 2 (±)-144 PKi 6.20 6.49 9.19 6.40 6.05 6.69 4.90 SEM 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.03 n 4 4 4 2 2 3 1 145 PKi 6.42 6.49 8.21 SEM n 1 1 1 146 PKi 5.73 5.92 8.43 SEM 0.28 0.32 0.27 n 2 2 2 147 PKi 6.43 6.59 7.96 6.06 5.96 6.60 SEM 0.13 0.11 0.14 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 148 PKi 6.34 5.59 8.53 SEM 0.07 0.06 0.09 n 2 2 2 149 PKi 6.49 6.61 8.26 6.30 6.25 6.59 SEM 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.06 n 2 2 1 2 2 2 150 PKi 6.61 6.84 8.77 SEM 0.03 0.43 0.12 n 2 2 2 151 PKi 6.20 6.45 7.91 6.25 6.27 6.68 SEM 0.06 0.06 0.03 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 152 PKi 6.31 6.66 6.03 SEM 0.13 0.04 0.09 n 2 2 2 153 PKi 5.72 6.42 7.62 SEM 0.01 0.08 0.01 n 2 2 2 154 PKi 6.95 7.06 8.74 SEM 0.01 0.02 0.15 n 2 2 2 156 PKi 5.88 6.17 7.02 6.50 6.25 6.66 4.12 SEM 0.02 0.06 0.12 n 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 157 PKi 6.42 6.74 8.42 6.02 6.30 6.36 5.26 SEM 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.05 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 158 PKi 6.42 6.90 7.81 SEM 0.20 0.12 0.09 n 3 3 3 159 PKi 6.41 6.75 8.30 5.78 SEM 0.03 0.05 0.13 n 4 4 4 1 160 PKi 6.60 6.86 8.10 6.34 6.83 6.81 4.81 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.14 n 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 161 PKi 5.88 6.39 7.41 3.00 SEM 0.08 0.10 0.04 n 4 4 4 1 162 PKi 5.97 6.59 7.94 6.20 6.46 6.26 4.30 SEM 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.10 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 163 PKi 6.11 5.99 7.73 5.93 5.77 5.91 SEM 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.20 0.21 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 164 PKi 5.53 5.75 7.64 SEM 0.02 0.09 0.03 n 3 3 3 165 PKi 5.85 6.24 9.30 5.52 5.71 5.82 SEM 0.06 0.05 0.26 0.06 0.01 0.02 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 166 PKi 5.63 5.88 8.89 5.73 5.41 5.99 3.88 SEM 0.02 0.08 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.03 n 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 167 PKi 6.50 6.57 8.36 3.00 SEM 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.00 n 3 3 3 2 168 PKi 6.36 6.74 8.42 3.77 SEM 0.21 0.02 0.10 0.13 n 3 3 3 2 169 PKi 6.29 6.64 8.14 3.00 SEM 0.24 0.05 0.13 0.00 n 3 3 3 2 170 PKi 6.53 6.98 8.90 5.21 5.06 5.31 5.62 SEM 0.04 0.05 0.14 0.54 0.57 0.84 0.17 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 171 PKi 5.98 6.21 8.76 5.96 5.70 6.24 4.73 SEM 0.03 0.16 0.13 0.02 0.06 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 172 PKi 6.09 6.21 8.55 5.63 5.46 6.16 SEM 0.53 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.03 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 173 PKi 6.13 6.37 8.40 6.57 6.02 5.83 SEM 0.08 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.08 0.08 n 3 3 2 2 2 2 174 PKi 5.40 5.72 8.39 5.70 6.02 6.17 SEM 0.04 0.03 0.16 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 175 PKi 6.34 6.46 8.29 6.97 6.66 6.52 SEM 0.02 0.08 0.04 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 176 PKi 6.51 6.80 8.43 6.01 5.92 6.14 SEM 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.04 0.07 0.11 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 177 PKi 5.85 6.12 8.33 5.78 5.54 6.08 4.03 SEM 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.07 0.02 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 178 PKi 6.08 6.38 8.59 6.04 6.12 6.40 SEM 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.15 0.16 0.03 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 179 PKi 5.38 5.97 8.48 5.48 5.73 5.84 3.00 SEM 0.07 0.16 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.00 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 180 PKi 5.52 6.07 8.44 5.16 5.44 5.24 3.00 SEM 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.18 0.45 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 181 PKi 5.46 5.97 8.39 3.00 SEM 0.04 0.03 0.05 n 3 3 3 1 182 PKi 5.47 5.95 8.65 5.66 6.04 5.94 3.45 SEM 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.04 0.29 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 183 PKi 6.30 6.64 9.07 5.98 6.14 6.36 4.13 SEM 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.08 0.35 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 184 PKi 6.13 6.76 8.02 4.91 SEM 0.06 0.13 0.08 0.27 n 3 2 2 3 185 PKi 5.72 6.03 8.50 6.56 5.89 6.45 3.23 SEM 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.11 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 186 PKi 5.68 6.32 8.20 6.45 5.80 6.58 5.19 SEM 0.12 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.05 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 187 5.15 5.29 6.27 8.46 5.91 5.65 5.29 3.29 SEM 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.14 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 188 PKi 5.25 5.41 8.21 3.00 SEM 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.00 n 3 3 3 2 189 PKi 5.33 5.85 7.58 SEM 0.09 0.26 0.05 n 3 3 3 190 PKi 5.87 6.15 8.27 SEM 0.03 0.03 0.11 n 3 3 3 191 PKi 5.71 5.87 8.09 SEM 0.10 0.14 0.08 n 3 3 3 192 PKi 5.52 5.73 8.51 5.43 5.21 5.83 SEM 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.08 0.01 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 193 PKi 5.54 5.76 8.80 5.99 5.62 6.20 SEM 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.07 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 194 PKi 5.31 5.57 8.43 5.50 5.24 5.97 SEM 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.04 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 195 PKi 6.54 6.89 8.15 SEM 0.01 0.09 0.06 n 4 4 4 196 PKi 5.17 5.44 7.41 5.08 5.33 5.51 SEM 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.09 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 197 PKi 6.60 6.83 9.26 5.83 5.63 6.29 5.20 SEM 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.12 n 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 198 PKi 5.35 5.56 9.08 5.95 5.97 5.61 3.75 SEM 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.19 0.02 0.01 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 199 PKi 5.30 5.57 8.55 5.65 6.04 5.56 3.58 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.08 n 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 200 PKi 5.48 5.70 8.36 5.26 5.97 5.79 3.00 SEM 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 201 PKi 5.65 5.93 8.59 5.35 5.92 5.49 4.17 SEM 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.08 0.01 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 202 PKi 5.66 5.85 8.57 5.35 6.04 5.67 3.58 SEM 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.29 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 202− PKi 5.81 5.87 8.79 SEM 0.06 0.11 0.08 n 2 2 2 202+ PKi 5.79 5.81 8.02 SEM 0.08 0.02 0.02 n 2 2 2 203 PKi 6.12 6.28 8.32 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.04 n 3 3 3 204 PKi 4.54 4.54 7.23 5.93 5.77 5.91 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.21 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 205 PKi 5.32 5.51 8.32 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.08 n 3 3 3 206 PKi 5.94 6.16 8.44 SEM 0.05 0.08 0.12 n 3 3 3 207 PKi 5.73 5.83 8.62 6.14 6.02 5.75 SEM 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.08 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 208 PKi 6.13 6.41 8.43 5.57 5.90 6.01 SEM 0.13 0.08 0.17 0.03 0.02 0.01 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 209 PKi 5.17 5.44 8.41 5.78 6.46 5.70 4.53 SEM 0.02 0.04 0.16 0.02 0.07 0.02 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 210 PKi 4.14 4.35 7.03 4.96 4.63 4.66 6.03 SEM 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.09 n 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 211 PKi 5.50 5.80 8.27 5.58 5.68 5.71 SEM 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.06 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 212 PKi 4.95 5.27 8.03 5.58 5.57 5.44 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 213 PKi 6.23 6.81 8.22 6.00 6.70 5.75 SEM 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.16 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 214 PKi 5.59 6.11 8.21 SEM 0.04 0.10 0.03 n 3 3 3 215 PKi 5.47 5.90 8.44 SEM 0.09 0.15 0.06 n 3 3 3 216 PKi 7.22 8.15 8.77 6.00 SEM 0.07 0.13 0.08 n 3 3 3 1 217 PKi 6.11 6.35 8.61 5.09 SEM 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.11 n 4 3 3 2 218 PKi 6.78 7.75 8.86 4.12 SEM 0.05 0.15 0.11 0.56 n 3 3 3 2 219 PKi 5.57 5.91 7.52 3.24 SEM 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.12 n 3 3 3 2 220 PKi 5.67 6.28 8.01 3.36 SEM 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.18 n 4 4 4 2 221 PKi 6.73 7.28 8.21 4.85 SEM 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.07 n 4 4 4 3 222 PKi 4.85 5.17 7.38 3.55 SEM 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.13 n 4 4 4 3 223 PKi 6.05 6.76 7.46 3.56 SEM 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.28 n 4 4 4 2 224 PKi 6.18 6.58 8.16 4.82 SEM 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.13 n 3 3 3 2 225 PKi 5.79 6.30 8.40 5.69 5.60 6.38 5.59 SEM 0.04 0.01 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.08 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 226 PKi 6.65 7.01 7.96 5.06 SEM 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 227 PKi 5.29 5.58 7.63 4.15 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.21 n 3 3 3 2 228 PKi 5.46 5.83 7.78 4.47 SEM 0.13 0.12 0.20 0.10 n 3 3 3 2 229 PKi 5.38 5.86 8.15 5.52 5.27 6.05 4.00 SEM 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.04 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 230 PKi 5.75 6.16 8.06 5.04 SEM 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.10 n 3 3 3 2 231 PKi 5.91 6.30 8.36 3.41 SEM 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.20 n 3 3 2 2 232 PKi 6.38 6.66 8.12 6.16 SEM 0.18 0.16 0.03 n 2 2 2 1 233 PKi 5.39 5.79 8.67 5.32 5.06 5.78 6.59 SEM 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 234 PKi 5.56 5.89 8.79 5.91 5.31 6.08 3.40 SEM 0.03 0.07 0.18 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.12 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 235 PKi 6.55 6.66 8.68 5.62 5.53 5.99 3.78 SEM 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.23 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 236 PKi 6.46 6.69 8.60 SEM 0.02 0.08 0.02 n 3 3 3 237 PKi 6.42 6.70 8.58 6.10 6.07 6.49 SEM 0.03 0.06 0.02 n 3 3 3 1 1 1 238 PKi 6.08 6.25 8.55 6.17 6.05 6.60 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 239 PKi 6.56 6.59 8.69 6.08 6.12 6.58 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 240 PKi 5.00 5.35 7.57 4.73 5.20 4.93 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 241 PKi 5.84 6.31 8.36 5.80 5.93 6.40 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 242 PKi 6.65 7.08 8.40 5.85 6.03 6.59 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 243 PKi 5.82 6.12 8.24 5.65 6.01 5.97 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 244 PKi 6.07 6.29 8.46 5.99 5.67 7.01 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 245 PKi 6.01 6.45 8.30 5.98 5.56 6.50 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 246 PKi 6.50 6.76 8.56 6.17 6.51 5.62 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 247 PKi 6.01 6.04 7.61 6.23 6.32 6.52 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 248 PKi 5.53 5.82 6.76 6.00 5.94 6.28 SEM n 1 1 1 1 1 1 249 PKi 6.37 6.63 9.41 5.81 5.91 6.25 7.51 SEM 0.03 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.12 n 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 250 PKi 6.22 7.16 8.96 6.91 7.40 7.44 4.88 SEM 0.41 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.06 n 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 251 PKi 5.49 4.49 5.47 SEM 0.10 0.00 0.10 n 2 2 2

[1190] Several of the compounds of the invention showed in vitro efficacy in blocking the contraction of the human prostate induced by phenylepherine, a selective alpha-1 adrenergic agonist. The protocol for these experiments is given below. Table 2 shows the results.

[1191] Functional Properties of α₁ Antagonists in the Human Prostate

[1192] The efficacy of α₁ adrenergic antagonists for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is related to their ability to elicit relaxation of prostate smooth muscle. An index of this efficacy can be obtained by determining the potency of al antagonists to antagonize the contraction of human prostatic tissue induced by an a agonist “in vitro”. Furthermore, by comparing the potency of subtype selective α₁ antagonists in binding assays using human α₁ receptors with their potency to inhibit agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction, it is possible to determine which of the α₁ adrenergic receptor subtypes is involved in the contraction of prostate smooth muscle.

[1193] Methods:

[1194] Prostatic adenomas were obtained at the time of surgery from patients with symptomatic BPH. These were cut into longitudinal strips of 15 mm long and 2-4 mm wide, and suspended in 5 ml organ baths containing Krebs buffer (pH 7.4). The baths were maintained at 37° C. and continuously oxygenated with 5% CO₂ and 95% O₂. Isometric tension was measured with a Grass Instrument FT03 force transducer interfaced with a computer. Tissue strips were contracted with varying concentrations of phenylephrine after incubating for 20 minutes in the absence and presence of at least three different concentrations of antagonist. Dose-response cuR^(iv)es for phenylephrine were constructed, and the antagonist potency (pA₂) was estimated by the dose-ratio method. The concentration of some antagonists in the tissue bath was assessed by measuring the displacement of [3H]prazosin by aliquots of the bath medium, using membrane preparations of the cloned human α_(1C) receptor. This control was necessary to account for losses of antagonist due to adsorption to the tissue bath and/or metabolism during the time the antagonists were equilibrated with the prostate tissue. TABLE 2 In Vitro Human Prostate Model Compound pK_(i) (±)-2  9.23 ± 0.18 (±)-45 8.07 ± 0.13 (±)-93 7.28 ± 0.4 

[1195] Several of the compounds of the invention showed in vivo efficacy in blocking the contraction of the canine prostate induced by phenylepherine. The protocol for these experiments is given below. Table 3 shows the results (Diane Felsen, et. al. The Journal of Urology 1989, 141, 1230-1233).

Protocol for In Vivo Evaluation of Compounds in Canine Prostate

[1196] Adult male mongrel dogs more than one year of age were chosen for the model. After induction of general anesthesia using sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/Kg i.v.), the animals were intubated and allowed to breathe spontaneously. An arterial catheter was inserted via the femoral artery to monitor blood pressure and i.v. line was inserted into the leg for fluid and drug administration. A constant saline infusion was maintained at 40 to 50 mL/h. Next, a seven cm lower abdominal incision was made one cm lateral to the penis.

[1197] The bladder, prostate and a short segment of umethra were identified and isolated, without damage to the nerves or blood vessels. A cystotomy incision was made through which the pressure catheter was inserted and positioned in the prostatic urethra. The cystotomy was not closed, but the wound edges were sutured to stop bleeding. The tip of the catheter was positioned just distal to the prostate and secured in place with an O-silk tie around the urethra. A second holding suture at the bladder neck secured the catheter in place.

[1198] An esophageal pressure catheter (Arndorfer Med. Spec. Inc., Greendale, Wis), used to measure closing pressures along the esophagus was easily adoptable to our study. Fluid, either water or saline, was pumped by a HaR^(iv)ard infusion pump at 0.1 mL/min through a Gould pressure transducer into the catheter. The fluid exists at a port in the catheter which is in the prostatic urethra. Occlusion of the port, by contraction of the prostate, blocks the flow and a pressure wave is created. This pressure is transmitted back through the catheter to the transducer which is attached to a Gould recorder. Squeezing the prostate gland caused an increase in urethral pressure which verified the correct position in the urethra.

[1199] The compounds were tested as follows: A dose response cuR^(iv)e was first generated for phenylephrine alone, in doses ranging from one μg/Kg to 50 μg/Kg. The absolute rise in urethral pressure was recorded for each dose and the next dose given when the urethral pressure returned to baseline. Phenylephrine dose response curves were generated in all animals tested. Increasing doses of compounds were then given, and the phenylephrine dose response curve repeated in the prepense of each dose of the compound. No animal received more than one compound; four animals were used to test each compound. To test for tachyphylaxis, four separate dogs were challenged with repeated phenylephrine doses for six hrs, the usual length of each experiment. From the dose-effect data, the inhibition constant (K_(i)) and the median-effect dose (ED₅₀) were calculated. Both the K_(i) and ED₅₀ values given are calculated by using microcomputer software and an IBM-PC. TABLE 3 In Vivo Dog Prostate Model Compound K_(i) (nmol/Kg) (±)-2  1.9 (±)-45 12 (±)-93 7.6

[1200] TABLE 4 Potency of Selected α1 Antagonists to Block Phenylephrine-Induced Contraction of Human Prostate Compound pA2 (+)− 102 10.43 ± 0.14   97 9.12 ± 0.13  38 8.98 ± 0.06  42 8.92 ± 0.08  81 8.60 ± 0.03  73 8.56 ± 0.07 128 8.21 ± 0.06

[1201] TABLE 5 Ability of Selected α1 Antagonists to Inhibit Phenylephrine-Induced Increases in Urethral Pressure and Arterial Pressure in Anesthetized Dogs Urethral Pressure K i Compound (nmol/kg) 97 10 ± 2.0 42  9 ± 2.5 38  8 ± 1.5 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH or CH₂; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R^(a) are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR, OCOR, NH₂, NHR, NR_(2,) or NHCOR, where R is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl, or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′, OCOR′, OCOOR′, OCONHR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR′, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.
 2. A method of lowering intraocular pressure in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂ or NHCOR′, where R′ is a linear chain alkyl group, or a benzyl group, or are a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR″, OCOR″, OCOOR″, OCONHR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂, NHCOR″, NHCOOR″ or NHCONHR″, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.
 3. A method of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(C₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F, NO₂, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂ or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH,. OR′″, OCOR″″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″ or NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.
 4. A method of treating diseases mediated by al receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or arylalkyl group; wherein R² and R⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R³ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or acyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, F. NO₂, CN, CF₃ or NH₂, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂, NHR″, NR″₂ or NHCOR″, where R″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, OCOOR′″, OCONHR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″₂, NHCOR′″, NHCOOR′″ or NHCONHR′″, where R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.
 5. A compound having the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(C₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or R(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴2is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoaldoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv)V, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CHd₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO2, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂“, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃₁ OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is O or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R ′ZZ. NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂₁ NHCOR′, CONH₂. CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where RI is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(IV) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 8. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n), where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂,where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R′ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂₁ CN, OH, OR′ ², OCOR″², NH₂₁ NR″², NHCOR″₂, or CF₃, where R″² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂′ NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(t)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂₁ CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R7 and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂ N₃ OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv)OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(h)—O —(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C_(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″², OCOR″², NH₂, NR″², NHCOR″₂, or CF₃₁ where R″² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, , NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyjridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(1v) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 10. The compound of claim 8, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR″, OCOR″, NH₂₁ NR″, NHCOR″ or CF₃, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 11. A compound having the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, NWR₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono-or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, a linear, cyclic or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where wo is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an atyl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 13. The compound of claim 11, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein A and X are independently the same or different and are CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(C₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain, or cyclic alkyl group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂° CONHR′, CONR₂“, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F. OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂ , NHR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 14. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is (CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F. NO2, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′″, OCOR′″, NH₂′, NHR″″, NR′″₂, or NHCOR′″, where R′″ is a linear chain alkyl group, a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, F, OH, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group.
 16. The compound of claim 14, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein X is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(h)—, where h is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)— where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein 2 is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂′ where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein m, n, and p are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 17. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, N₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰ (CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(k)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h) —C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR ′, CONR′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv)V, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR′,′, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N^(+R) ₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH≡CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 20. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R″′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein A is CH; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein j is 1 or 2; wherein p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂° CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NOZ, N₃, OR′S, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and rm R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 21. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) , NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂, or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SRI′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, N02 or CH₂W⁰ (CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 23. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″₁, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group-, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂ W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is Of S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 24. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂ CR^(a) ₂ NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azido-alkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NRI′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N^(+aR) ₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 26. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R² and R³ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein i is 1 or 2; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 27. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N′R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂ W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z , NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 29. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰ (CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein i is 1 or 2; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 30. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂″′, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W′(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl, or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRIv₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 31. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂° CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂′ N′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z. NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl, or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 32. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or. an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 33. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″H, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where We is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 34. The compound of claim 33 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is HI a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N3 or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is a H or linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 35. The compound of claim 33 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂₁′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or N02, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 36. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NHN, NHR′″, NRC′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂′ NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, N₃, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R⁹ is a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 37. The compound of claim 36 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R° and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 38. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂′, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 39. The compound of claim 38 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹ ₁ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹, is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 40. The compound of claim 38 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X is H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 41. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, N₃, CN, NH₂₁ or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 42. The compound of claim 41 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R9 is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 43. The compound of claim 41 having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein X and Y are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, NH₂, or CF₃, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, No₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹l or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 44. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂H)_(t)W, where W is NH, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N3 or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a H or linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 45. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR ′₁ , NR₂ ¹, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 46. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, Ne′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 47. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, Ne′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N^(+R) ₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NHOH, N⁺R2′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NR ₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 48. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(C)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR^(a), NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoguinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO2, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 49. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR²° C.OR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv)V₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 50. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 51. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F. OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR¹V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and whe R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 52. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R¹ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 53. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR_(2 ,) NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or-acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 54. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, , NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCORI, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, con′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 55. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)vW¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂₁ and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃₁ OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂′ NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 56. A compound having the structure:

wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N+Z′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N , NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or No₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂° CR&₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, CORF′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂₁ N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv)V, OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv)V or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 57. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is 0, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², COR², NH₂, NR²′ NHCOR2, or CF₃. where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂ , NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv)V₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 58. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is (CH₂), where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k), where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH_(2,) where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR ′, OCOR ′, NH₂, NHR ′, NR′₂, NHCOR ′, CONH₂, CONHR ′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv)V₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 59. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv)V, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRlv₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(IV) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 60. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂′, NH′″ NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear- or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z′ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR, NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 61. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Ro, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N*R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W¹is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R12 is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 62. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′”, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkylonymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 63. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where RI I is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Ro, R¹ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO2, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R^(iv)C are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; . wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 64. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(b), NR^(b), NOR^(b), or CH₂, where R^(b) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂) W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′NR′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ¹, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 65. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is NH, NR^(a), O, or S, where R^(a) is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR%, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂′, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(IV) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 66. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h apd k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR^(a), O, or S, where R^(a) is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, or a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv)V, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv)V, NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 67. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′, or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O, or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, or a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′, OH, OR′, OCOR′, , NH NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 68. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰, and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(t)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RZ, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 69. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHRI′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 70. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NHz, NHR′, NR ′, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(w)W, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Rl is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 71. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NRC′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group,. or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is
 0. S or NH, where W ¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl-group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NOz, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 72. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH=CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RC is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂₁ CONHR′, CONR₂ , COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 73. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where RI′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h) C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, KR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂′CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NRC, NHCOR, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv)V, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 74. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k), where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃′ OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 75. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH., where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR^(iv), CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoguinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 76. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear- or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R8 are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR^(iv), CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRly₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv), is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R1² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 77. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or.(CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 78. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′′, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹l or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR ′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R7 and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and g is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 79. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein Q is OH, OR^(iv), SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂ ′, NHOH, N⁺R3′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCORIv, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 80. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH;, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NHR′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ , COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 81. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(C₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OOCR², NH₂, NR₂, NHCOR₂ or CF₃₁ where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 82. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH_(2,) CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR′₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 83. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or N; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH ₂)_(h)CH═CH (CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k) where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH′, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR′₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 84. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 85. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 86. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR″ ′, NR′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH2′ NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂° CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and we R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 87. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂″′, NR″OH, NR″OR″′, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁺, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R4 is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 88. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂′, NHR′″, NR₂″OH, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁺, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(a), NR^(a), NOR^(a), or CH₂, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 89. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; (C₂)_(h) CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or 2(CH)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F. OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 90. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH_(2,) CR., NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein B is o or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O, or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(2)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH_(2,) where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′ OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 91. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O or S; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′2, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂′, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 92. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S or NR¹²; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂₁ NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NRC ′, NHOH, N⁺R₃ ′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂ )_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NOH, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 93. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S or N¹²; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 94. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S or N¹²; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W¹, where W is NH, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, W⁺R₃′Z⁺, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where WC is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH2′ NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, NR₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and n is 2, 3 or
 4. 95. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is CH or^(R) N; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂ , NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ¹, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃′ OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl or acyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 96. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′%, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, o or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(iv) ′, NR″, NOR″, or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where We is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is l, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and whr R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R2 is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 97. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(C₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R¹ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR_(2,) NHCOR₂ or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′,.CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 98. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or (CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR¹ , NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 99. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S or NR′, where R′ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)×h—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′z, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(1iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCON^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 100. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′I″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′I′ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃′ NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR, NR, NHOH, N⁺R₃ Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂′, NHR′, NR′₂₁ NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR^(iv) or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 101. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R^(a) are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂′NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 102. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein RI is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 103. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R″ ′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 104. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 31 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(k), O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C═C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R⁷ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 105. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein RI is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, oR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂, or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 106. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR″, O or S, where R″ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and RR is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 107. A compound having the structure:

wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR, NR, NOR or CH₂, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR′, NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR′, NHCOOR′ or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 108. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(iv), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR′, NH₂, NR′₂, O(C═O)R′ or NH(C═O)R″, where R″ is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R^(iv) are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 109. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NR′₂, O(C═O)R′ or NH(C═O)R′, where R′ is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 110. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR:, NH₂, NR^(c) ₂, O(C═O)RC or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 111. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(iv), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, ORe, NH₂, NRC₂, O(C═O)RC or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R′ is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂₁ NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F. OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR′, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NRC₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 112. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR′, NH₂, NR^(c) ₂l O(C═O)R^(c) or NH(C═O)RC, where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein A is CH₂′CR′₂, NH, NR′, NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; H, or a linear or branched chain, alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 113. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR^(a), NH or NR^(b), where R^(a) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NRW_(2,) O(C═O)RW or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; (CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R′ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR², OCOR², NH₂, NR², NHCOR₂ or CF₃, where R² is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rs are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂ ′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCORW, OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and.q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 114. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; B is O, S, CH₂, CHR′, NH or NR^(b), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, ORC, NH₂, NR^(c) ₂, O(C═O)R′ or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R′ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R ¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 115. A compound having the structure:

wherein B is O, S, CH₂, CHR′, NH or NR^(b), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or OH, OR^(c), NH₂, NR′₂, O(C═O)RC or NH(C═O)R^(c), where R^(c) is H or a linear alkyl group, and where R^(b) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(h)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR″, NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are O or 1; and wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 116. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl; cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azido-alkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or N02, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 117. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ is an aryl or diarylalkyl group; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j and k are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 118. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R′ and R′ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 119. A compound having the structure:

wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(n)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H or a linear or branched chain alkyl group; wherein R⁴ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkyloxymethyl, or alkoxyethyl group, or a hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl group, or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, ORE, OCOR^(iv) , OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv) , where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹¹ is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 121. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is NH, NR, O or S, where R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(b)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R′ is H, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, OH, OR′, OCOR″, NH₂, NR″, NHCOR″ or CF₃, where R″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and Rg are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv) ₂, NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(IV) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and g is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 122. A compound having the structure:

wherein A is CH₂, CR₂, NH, NR, NCHO, NCOR, NOH, O or S, where R is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein X is NH, NR′, O or S, where R′ is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(h)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(b)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)_(t)—C≡C—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR^(iv), NR″, NOR″ or CH₂, where R″ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁴ is H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁷ and R: are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃′OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 123. A compound having the structure:

wherein X is NH, NR, O or S, where R is H or a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; Y is —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; —(CH₂)_(b)—O—(CH₂)_(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 2, 3 or 4; —(CH₂)_(h)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(k)—; or —(CH₂)1h-C≡C—(CH₂)_(k) _(k)—, where h and k are independently the same or different and are 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein Z is O, NH, NCHO, NCOR′, NR′, NOR′ or CH₂, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently the same or different and are H, CN, CF₃, OH, OR′, OCOR′, NH₂, NHR′, NR′₂, NHCOR′, CONH₂, CONHR′, CONR₂′, COOH, COOR′, CHO, COR′, COSH, COSR′, COO(CH₂)_(q)OH or COO(CH₂)_(q)OR′, or a benzyl group, a linear or branched chain alkyl or cycloalkyl group, or are a heteroaryl group comprising a pyridyl, indolyl, indolylalkyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrryl, furyl or thiophene group, or an aryl group having the structure:

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently the same or different and are H, Cl, Br, I, F, OH, NO₂, N₃, OR^(iv), OCOR^(iv), OCOOR^(iv), OCONHR^(iv), NH₂, NHR^(iv), NR^(iv), NHCOR^(iv), NHCOOR^(iv) or NHCONHR^(iv), where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and R^(iv) is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, and q is 2, 3, 4 or 5; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; wherein j is 1, 2, 3 or 4; wherein m and n are independently the same or different and are 0 or 1; wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and wherein s and t are independently the same or different and are 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 124. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


125. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


126. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


127. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


128. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


129. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


130. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


131. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


132. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


133. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


134. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


135. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


136. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


137. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:


138. A method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claims 124 to
 137. 139. A method of lowering intraocular pressure in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claims 124 to
 137. 140. A method of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claims 124 to
 137. 141. A method of treating diseases mediated by a, receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claims 124 to
 137. 142. The compound of claim 30 having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR′₂, NH, NRR, NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) isa methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or.an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(n)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently the same or different and are H, OH, Cl, Br, I, F, NO₂, CN, N₃, NH₂, CF₃, a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfoxide, or mono- or dialkylamino group, or together constitute a methylenedioxy group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 143. The compound of claim 142 having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR&₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR′, NOH, O or S, where R′ is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂ ¹″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W⁰(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently the same or different and are H, or a linear or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino alkyl or aryl group; wherein R⁴ is a linear or branched chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a linear or branched chain alkenylalkyl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 144. The compound of claim 143 having the structure:

wherein X is C═O, CH₂, CR^(a) ₂, NH, NR^(a), NCHO, NCOR^(a), NOH, O or S, where R^(a) is a methyl, ethyl or propyl group; wherein Q is OH, OR″, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R″ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and R¹ are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or N02, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R¹² is H or a linear chain alkyl group; and wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 2
 145. The compound of claim 144 having the structure:

wherein Qis OH, OR,′,′, SH, SR′″, NH₂, NHR′″, NR₂′″, NR″OH, NR″OR′″ or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R¹¹ is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl, cyanoalkyl or an aryl group, and R′″ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group; wherein R⁰ and RI are independently the same or different and are H, a linear or branched chain alkyl, an alkoxyalkyl, azidoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl, azidoalkoxyalkyl, trihaloalkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or an aryl group, or (CH₂)_(t)W, where W is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃, NO₂ or CH₂W(CH₂)_(v)W¹, or a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an arylalkyl group, or an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or an aryl group, where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where W⁰ is O, S or NH, where W¹ is NH₂, NHR′, NR₂′, NHOH, N⁺R₃′Z⁻, NHCOR′, N₃ or NO₂, and where R′ is a linear or branched chain alkyl group, or an aryl group, where Z⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, and t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and v is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and wherein R is H, a linear or branched chain alkyl or acyl group, or an aryl group.
 146. The compound of claim 145 having the structure:


147. The compound of claim 145 having the structure:


148. The compound of claim 145 having the structure:


149. The (+) and (−) enantiomer of the compound of claim 31 having the structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 150. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


151. The (+) and (−) enantiomer of the compound of claim 31 having the structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 152. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


153. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


154. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


155. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


156. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


157. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


158. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


159. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


160. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


161. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


162. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


163. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


164. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


165. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


166. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


167. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


168. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


169. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


170. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


171. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


172. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


173. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


174. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


175. The compound of claim 31 having the structure:


176. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises the compound of claim 30 in a therapeutically effective amount and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 177. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 176 wherein the carrier is a solid and the composition is a tablet.
 178. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 177 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0.1 to about 500 mg.
 179. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 178 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 1 to 60 mg.
 180. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 177, wherein the carrier is a liquid and the composition is a solution.
 181. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 180 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0.1 to about 500 mg per mL of solution.
 182. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 181 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 1 to about 60 mg per mL of solution.
 183. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 177, wherein the carrier is a gel and the composition is a suppository.
 184. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 183, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount from about 0.1 to about 500 mg.
 185. A method of treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claim
 30. 186. A method of lowering intraocular pressure in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claim
 30. 187. A method of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claim
 30. 188. A method of treating diseases mediated by a, receptors in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds of claim
 30. 